Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive condition where stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus, irritating its lining. Common symptoms include heartburn and regurgitation, which can lead to complications if untreated.

At Apollo, we offer a full spectrum of diagnostic services to accurately assess GERD:

• Upper GI endoscopy
• Esophageal pH monitoring
• Esophageal manometry
• Barium swallow radiography

Our tailored approach ensures effective diagnosis and personalised treatment for long-term relief and better digestive health. 

Read to know more about GERD treatment options

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) encompasses chronic inflammatory conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which cause persistent inflammation and damage to the digestive tract. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and weight loss, requiring accurate diagnosis and effective management to prevent complications. 

At Apollo, we provide advanced diagnostic services to evaluate IBD effectively:

• Colonoscopy with biopsy
• CT enterography
• MR enterography
• Capsule endoscopy
• Blood tests for inflammatory markers

Our multidisciplinary approach ensures personalised care plans to manage IBD and enhance your quality of life.

Read to know more about IBD treatment options

Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the inner lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine. They are typically caused by infection with H.pylori bacteria or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Common symptoms include burning stomach pain, nausea, and bloating. If left untreated, peptic ulcers can lead to serious complications such as bleeding or perforation.

At Apollo, we provide advanced diagnostic and treatment options to manage peptic ulcers effectively:

• Endoscopy
• H. pylori urea breath test
• Barium swallow radiograph 
• Blood tests, checking for anemia

With a patient-centred approach, our experts deliver tailored treatments to relieve symptoms, promote healing, and prevent recurrence.

Read to know more about peptic ulcer treatment options

Cholecystitis is an inflammatory condition of the gallbladder, typically caused by obstruction of the cystic duct by gallstones. This condition can be acute or chronic, characterized by severe abdominal pain, fever, and nausea. If left untreated, cholecystitis can lead to serious complications such as gallbladder perforation, sepsis, or gangrene.

At Apollo, we provide advanced diagnostic and treatment options to manage cholecystitis effectively:

 - Abdominal ultrasound

- CT scan

- HIDA scan (cholescintigraphy)

- Blood tests for infection markers and liver function

- Murphy's sign assessment

With a patient-centered approach, our experts deliver tailored treatments to relieve symptoms, promote healing, and prevent recurrence. 

Read to know more about Cholecystitis

Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition where the ingestion of gluten — a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye — triggers an immune response that damages the small intestine. This damage affects nutrient absorption and can lead to symptoms like diarrhoea, bloating, fatigue, and weight loss. If left untreated, celiac disease can cause long-term complications such as malnutrition, osteoporosis, and neurological disorders.

At Apollo, we offer a range of diagnostic services to ensure accurate detection:

• Blood tests to check for antibodies indicating an immune response to gluten
• Endoscopy with biopsy
• Genetic testing
• Nutritional assessment

Our multidisciplinary care includes personalised treatment plans, dietary guidance, and regular follow-up to help patients manage celiac disease and improve their quality of life.

Read to know more about celiac disease treatment options

Diverticulitis occurs when small pouches (diverticula) that form in the wall of the colon become inflamed or infected. This condition can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and changes in bowel movements. If untreated, diverticulitis can lead to serious complications like perforation, abscesses, or bowel obstruction.

At Apollo, we provide comprehensive diagnostic services to assess for diverticulitis:

• Colonoscopy
• CT scan
• Blood tests, checking for infection or inflammation markers
• Abdominal ultrasound

Our team of experts works with you to provide a personalised treatment plan that includes medication, dietary recommendations, and surgical options if necessary, ensuring long-term management and prevention of recurrence.

Read to know more about diverticulitis treatment options

Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lower rectum and anus, often causing pain, itching, bleeding, and discomfort during bowel movements. They can develop due to increased pressure from factors such as constipation, prolonged sitting, or pregnancy. While hemorrhoids are common and typically treatable with lifestyle changes and medications, in some cases, they may require surgical intervention.

At Apollo, we offer a wide range of diagnostic options for hemorrhoid assessment:

• Physical examination
• Anoscopy
• Colonoscopy (performed to rule out other conditions like colorectal cancer)
• Imaging (CT or MRI)

Our expert medical gastroenterologists provide personalised care, including dietary modifications, medications, minimally invasive procedures, and, when necessary, surgical options, to relieve symptoms and prevent recurrence.

Read to know more about hemorrhoids treatment options 

Fatty liver disease, or hepatic steatosis, occurs when excess fat accumulates in liver cells. It is categorised as Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (AFLD) and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), with the latter being more prevalent and commonly linked to obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Early diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent progression to severe liver conditions. 

At Apollo, we offer advanced diagnostic services for accurate evaluation and tailored care:

• Blood tests to assess liver function (ALT, AST, ALP)
• Abdominal ultrasound
• CT scan or MRI for detailed liver imaging
• FibroScan or MR elastography to assess liver stiffness
• Liver biopsy in select cases 

With a focus on early detection and holistic treatment, we aim to manage fatty liver disease effectively and improve liver health.

Read to know more about fatty liver treatment options

Liver cirrhosis is the advanced stage of liver scarring, resulting from various liver diseases and conditions, such as chronic hepatitis and long-term alcoholism. While the damage from cirrhosis is irreversible, early detection and intervention can help slow progression and manage complications. 

At Apollo, we provide a range of advanced diagnostic services for effective management:

• Liver function tests
• Imaging studies (ultrasound, CT, MRI)
• Liver biopsy
• Endoscopy to check for esophageal varices

Our integrated approach ensures early diagnosis, personalised care plans, and continuous monitoring to enhance quality of life for patients with liver cirrhosis.

Read to know more about liver cirrhosis treatment options

Colorectal cancer arises from malignant tumours in the colon or rectum, often beginning as benign polyps on the colon’s inner lining. While most polyps remain noncancerous, some can transform into cancer over time if not detected and treated early.

Apollo offers advanced diagnostic services to ensure early and accurate detection:

• Colonoscopy
• CT colonography
• Fecal occult blood test
• Biopsy
• Genetic testing for hereditary syndromes
• Cutting edge surgery  optons for both early and advanced colorectal cancer including robotic surgery.
• Advanced therapies for cancer treatment including radiation and chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy as well as palliative care.

With cutting-edge diagnostics and expert care, Apollo ensures personalised treatment plans to improve outcomes and enhance quality of life.

Read to know more about colorectal cancer treatment options

Pancreatic disorders include conditions such as acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and pancreatic cysts. These disorders can impair the pancreas’s vital roles in digestion and blood sugar regulation, requiring timely diagnosis and management to prevent complications.

At Apollo, we offer a full suite of diagnostic services for accurate assessment: 

• Blood tests (amylase, lipase)
• Imaging studies (CT, MRI, ERCP)
• Endoscopic ultrasound
• Biopsy for suspected cancer

With our expertise and state-of-the-art technology, we provide tailored medical and surgical care to manage pancreatic disorders effectively and improve overall health outcomes.

Read to know more about pancreatic disorders

• Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) or Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT): These tests check for hidden blood in the stool, which can be an early sign of colorectal cancer or other gastrointestinal issues. FOBT uses a chemical reaction to detect blood, while FIT uses antibodies to specifically identify human hemoglobin.
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• Stool Culture: This test checks for abnormal bacteria in the digestive tract that may cause diarrhea and other problems. A small stool sample is collected and analyzed in a laboratory to identify any pathogenic bacteria.
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• Stool pH Test: This test typically measures the acidity or alkalinity of stool samples. It can help diagnose certain digestive disorders or imbalances in the gut.
   
• Fecal Fat Test: This test measures the amount of fat in the stool to assess fat absorption by the body. It can help diagnose conditions affecting the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, or intestines that may interfere with fat digestion and absorption.
   
• Enzyme Immunoassays for viral and bacterial antigens: These tests use specific antibodies to detect antigens from viruses or bacteria in stool samples. They can help identify specific pathogens causing gastrointestinal infections.
   

1. Upper GI Endoscopy

An Upper GI Endoscopy is a procedure that uses a flexible tube with a camera to examine the upper part of your digestive tract. The endoscope is passed through your mouth and throat to visualise your esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.

What This Test Shows:

• Inflammation or ulcers in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum
• Tumours or polyps in the upper digestive tract
• Causes of bleeding in the upper GI system
• Reasons for persistent heartburn or difficulty swallowing
• Signs of conditions like Barrett's esophagus 

What to Expect:

• Takes about 15-30 minutes
• Requires fasting for 6-8 hours before the procedure
• Sedation is usually provided for comfort
• Results are often available immediately, with biopsy results taking a few days

Read more on Upper GI Endoscopy

2. CT Scan 

A CT (Computed Tomography) scan is an advanced imaging technique that uses X-rays and computer processing to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body.

What This Test Shows:

• Presence of tumors, infections, or abnormal anatomy in the abdomen
• Detailed images of organs like the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and colon
• Signs of conditions such as Crohn's disease, appendicitis, or colon cancer
• Changes in the body resulting from trauma

What to Expect:

- Takes about 10-30 minutes for the actual scan

- May require fasting for 6 hours prior and drinking oral contrast

- Intravenous contrast might be administered

- Results are usually available within 24-48 hours

Read more on CT Scan

3. MRI 

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues in the body.

What This Test Shows:

- Detailed images of soft tissues in the abdomen

- Abnormalities in the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and spleen

- Signs of inflammation, infection, or cancer

- Blood flow in abdominal vessels

What to Expect:

- Takes about 20-60 minutes

- Requires lying still in a cylindrical machine

- May involve the use of contrast material

- Results are typically available within a few days

Read more on MRI 

4. Ultrasound

Ultrasound imaging uses high-frequency sound waves to produce real-time images of organs and structures inside the body.

What This Test Shows:

- Structure and movement of abdominal organs

- Presence of gallstones or kidney stones

- Signs of liver disease or tumors

- Blood flow in abdominal vessels

What to Expect:

- Takes about 30 minutes

- Requires fasting for a few hours before the test

- Involves applying gel to the skin and moving a transducer over the abdomen

- Results are often available immediately

Read more on Ultrasound 

5. Colonoscopy

A colonoscopy is a procedure that uses a long, flexible tube with a camera to examine the entire large intestine (colon) and rectum.

What This Test Shows:

• Presence of polyps or tumours in the colon or rectum
• Signs of inflammatory bowel disease
• Causes of chronic diarrhoea, constipation, or rectal bleeding
• Abnormal growths or changes in bowel habits
• Early signs of colorectal cancer

What to Expect:

• Takes about 30-60 minutes
• Requires bowel preparation the day before the procedure
• Sedation is provided for comfort
• Results are often available immediately, with biopsy results taking a few days

Read more on Colonoscopy

6. Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

ERCP is a procedure that combines endoscopy and X-ray imaging to diagnose and treat problems in the bile ducts and pancreatic ducts.

What This Test Shows:

• Blockages or narrowing in the bile ducts
• Gallstones in the bile ducts
• Tumours in the pancreas or bile ducts
• Causes of jaundice
• Causes of pancreatitis
• Leaks in the biliary or pancreatic ducts

What to Expect:

• Takes about 30-90 minutes
• Requires fasting for several hours before the procedure
• Sedation or general anesthesia is provided
• May require a short hospital stay
• Results are often available immediately, with some tests taking a few days

7. Liver Biopsy

A liver biopsy involves removing a small sample of liver tissue for examination under a microscope.

What This Test Shows:

• Extent of liver damage or disease
• Presence of fatty liver disease
• Signs of cirrhosis or fibrosis
• Liver cancer or other tumours
• Causes of abnormal liver function tests

What to Expect:

• Takes about 20-30 minutes for the procedure
• Local anesthesia is used
• May require stay in the hospital for a few hours after the procedure
• Results usually available within a few days

8. Capsule Endoscopy

Capsule endoscopy uses a small, pill-sized camera that you swallow to capture images of your digestive tract, particularly the small intestine.

What This Test Shows:

• Conditions such as Crohn's disease and celiac disease
• Small bowel tumours
• Sources of gastrointestinal bleeding
• Polyps in the small intestine

What to Expect:

• Procedure typically takes about 8 hours as the capsule moves through the digestive tract
• Requires fasting for about 10-12 hours before the procedure
• Generally painless with the capsule passing naturally through bowel movements
• No recovery time is needed after the capsule exits the body

Read more on Capsule Endoscopy

9. Manometry

Manometry is a test that measures the pressure and muscle contractions in your esophagus or rectum. It involves inserting a thin, pressure-sensitive tube into the esophagus or rectum.

Types of Manometry

1. Esophageal Manometry: Measures pressure within the esophagus and its sphincters. Used to evaluate patients with dysphagia, heartburn, regurgitation, or chest pain. It can diagnose motility disorders like achalasia and assess esophageal function before certain procedures.
2. Anorectal Manometry: Evaluates the anorectal sphincter mechanism and rectal sensation. Used for patients with incontinence or constipation. It can help diagnose conditions like Hirschsprung disease and provide biofeedback training for fecal incontinence.
3. Gastroduodenal Manometry: Monitors pressure in the gastric antrum, duodenum, and proximal jejunum. Used for patients with suspected dysmotility who have normal gastric emptying studies or are unresponsive to therapy. It can differentiate between muscular and nerve disorders affecting motility.
4. High-Resolution Manometry: A more advanced form of esophageal manometry that provides detailed pressure measurements along the entire length of the esophagus. It can be combined with impedance planimetry to evaluate bolus transit.
5. Sphincter of Oddi Manometry: Measures pressure within the sphincter of Oddi, which controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juices into the duodenum. Used to diagnose sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.

What This Test Shows:

• Strength and coordination of muscle contractions in the esophagus or rectum
• Abnormalities in the lower esophageal sphincter function
• Causes of swallowing difficulties or chest pain
• Reasons for chronic constipation or fecal incontinence
• Diagnosis of conditions like achalasia or diffuse esophageal spasm

What to Expect:

• Takes about 30-45 minutes
• Requires fasting for 6-8 hours before the procedure
• No sedation is typically needed
• Results are usually available within a few days

Read more on Manometry

10. Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS)

Endoscopic Ultrasonography combines endoscopy with ultrasound to create detailed images of the digestive tract and surrounding organs.

What This Test Shows:

• Detailed images of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and rectum walls
• Pancreatic tumours or cysts
• Bile duct stones or tumours
• Staging of gastrointestinal cancers
• Abnormalities in nearby organs like the liver or lymph nodes

What to Expect:

• Takes about 30-60 minutes
• Requires fasting for 6-8 hours before the procedure
• Sedation is usually provided for comfort
• Results are often available immediately, with biopsy results taking a few days

Read more on Endoscopic Ultrasonography

11. Enteroscopy
Enteroscopy is a procedure that allows examination of the small intestine using a long, flexible tube with a camera. There are different types, including double-balloon, single-balloon, and spiral enteroscopy.

What This Test Shows:

• Causes of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding
• Small intestinal tumours or polyps
• Inflammatory bowel disease affecting the small intestine
• Causes of unexplained diarrhoea or malabsorption
• Abnormalities in the small intestine not visible on other imaging tests

What to Expect:

• Takes about 45-90 minutes, depending on the type of enteroscopy
• Requires fasting for 8-12 hours before the procedure
• Sedation or general anesthesia is usually provided
• May require staying in the hospital for a few hours after the procedure
• Results are often available immediately, with biopsy results taking a few days

Read more on Enteroscopy

12. Barium Studies

Barium studies use a specialised X-ray procedure where a barium solution is ingested or administered to highlight the digestive tract. It provides detailed images of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, or colon.

What This Test Shows:

• Structural abnormalities in the digestive tract
• Esophageal strictures or achalasia
• Stomach or duodenal ulcers
• Intestinal blockages or diverticula
• Swallowing difficulties and reflux disorders

What to Expect:

• Requires fasting for about 6-8 hours before the test
• A barium solution is consumed or introduced rectally, depending on the area being studied
• X-ray imaging is performed to track the movement of the barium
• Non-invasive and typically takes 30-60 minutes
• Mild temporary constipation may occur as the barium passes through the system

Read more on Barium Studies

1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
GERD is a chronic digestive disorder that occurs when stomach acid flows back (refluxes) into the esophagus. This acid reflux can irritate the lining of the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing. GERD affects people of all ages, from infants to older adults, and is one of the most common digestive disorders.

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES), a ring of muscle that acts as a valve between the esophagus and stomach, normally prevents reflux. When this sphincter becomes weak or relaxes inappropriately, GERD can occur. Factors that can contribute to GERD include obesity, pregnancy, smoking, and certain foods or drinks.

Management 

• Lifestyle modifications:
  • Elevate the head of the bed by 6-8 inches
  • Avoid lying down for 3 hours after meals
  • Eat smaller, more frequent meals
  • Maintain a healthy weight
  • Quit smoking
  • Avoid tight-fitting clothing
• Dietary changes:
  • Avoid trigger foods such as spicy, fatty, or acidic foods
  • Limit caffeine, chocolate, and alcohol intake
  • Reduce carbonated beverage consumption

Medical treatment 

• Proton pump inhibitors, H2 blockers may be prescribed.

GERD can usually be controlled by lifestyle management and medication. In cases where there is no relief, surgical options such as Fundoplication, where the surgeon wraps the top of the stomach around the lower esophageal sphincter to tighten the muscle and prevent reflux may be tried.

Prevention 

• Maintain a healthy weight: Excess weight puts pressure on the abdomen, pushing stomach contents into the esophagus.
• Follow a balanced diet: Emphasise fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.
• Avoid trigger foods: Common triggers include spicy, fatty, or acidic foods, chocolate, mint, and tomato-based products.
• Eat mindfully: Chew food thoroughly and eat slowly to aid digestion.
• Limit alcohol and caffeine: Both can relax the lower esophageal sphincter.
• Quit smoking: Smoking can weaken the lower esophageal sphincter.
• Manage stress: Stress can increase acid production and exacerbate GERD symptoms.
• Wear loose-fitting clothes: Tight clothing can put pressure on your abdomen and lower esophageal sphincter.
• Time your meals: Avoid eating large meals close to bedtime.
• Stay upright after eating: Wait at least three hours after a meal before lying down.

By implementing these management and prevention strategies, many people with GERD can significantly reduce their symptoms and improve their quality of life. 

Read More
 

2. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
IBS is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterised by recurrent abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits. It affects the large intestine (colon) and can cause a range of symptoms including cramping, bloating, gas, diarrhoea, and constipation.

IBS is a chronic condition that requires long-term management, although symptoms may come and go over time. The exact cause is unknown, but factors that may play a role include muscle contractions in the intestine, nervous system abnormalities, severe infection, and changes in the microbes in the gut. Stress, certain foods, and hormonal changes can trigger or worsen symptoms.

Management 

• Dietary modifications:
  • Follow a low FODMAP diet under the guidance of a dietitian
  • Increase fiber intake gradually to reduce constipation
  • Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water
  • Limit caffeine, alcohol, and fatty foods
• Stress management:
  • Practice relaxation techniques such as deep breathing or meditation
  • Engage in regular exercise
  • Consider cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or hypnotherapy
• Probiotics: Some strains of probiotics may help alleviate IBS symptoms, though the evidence is mixed

Prevention 
 While IBS cannot always be prevented, several strategies can help manage symptoms and reduce flare-ups:

• Identify and avoid trigger foods: Keep a food diary to track which foods exacerbate symptoms.
• Eat regular meals: Avoid skipping meals or eating too quickly.
• Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day.
• Exercise regularly: Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate activity most days of the week.
• Manage stress: Develop effective stress management techniques such as meditation, yoga, or regular exercise.
• Get enough sleep: Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep per night.
• Consider fibre supplements: Gradually increase fibre intake to help regulate bowel movements.
• Avoid caffeine and alcohol: These can stimulate the intestines and worsen diarrhoea.
• Quit smoking: Smoking can exacerbate IBS symptoms.
• Practice good restroom habits: Don't ignore the urge to have a bowel movement and allow sufficient time for bathroom visits.
• Consider probiotics: While evidence is mixed, some people find relief with probiotic supplements.

Read more

3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a term that encompasses two main chronic conditions: Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. These are autoimmune disorders characterised by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. While they share some similarities, they affect different parts of the digestive system.

Crohn's Disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus, but most commonly involves the end of the small intestine and the beginning of the colon. Ulcerative Colitis, on the other hand, is limited to the colon and rectum. Both conditions can cause severe diarrhoea, abdominal pain, fatigue, and weight loss.

The exact cause of IBD is unknown, but it's believed to result from a complex interaction between genetics, the immune system, and environmental factors. IBD can develop at any age but often begins in young adulthood.

Management 

• Dietary modifications:
  • Identify and avoid trigger foods
  • Consider specific diets like the Specific Carbohydrate Diet or low FODMAP diet under medical supervision
  • Ensure adequate nutrition and hydration
• Stress management:
  • Practice relaxation techniques
  • Consider cognitive behavioral therapy
  • Engage in regular exercise as tolerated

Medications 

• The type of medication you take depends on your symptoms and the area of your colon that's affected:
• Anti-inflammatory drugs: These are often the first step for mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. Examples include aminosalicylates like mesalamine, balsalazide, and olsalazine.
• Corticosteroids: These are strong anti-inflammatory steroids that are given in large doses and then lowered. They should only be used short-term due to serious side effects.
• Immunomodulators: These block the immune reaction that leads to inflammation. Examples include azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine.
• Biologics: These block the immune system chemicals that trigger inflammation. Examples include Remicade, Inflectra, Humira, Cimzia, Entyvio, Stelara, and Xeljanz. 

Surgery

This may be done to remove or widen areas of the intestines that have been severely affected. It's typically considered after other treatments have failed. 

Prevention 
 While IBD cannot be entirely prevented, several strategies may help reduce the risk or manage the condition:

• Maintain a healthy lifestyle:
  • Regular exercise
  • Balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins
  • Adequate sleep
• Avoid known triggers:
  • Keep a food diary to identify problematic foods
  • Manage stress effectively
• Don't smoke: Smoking is particularly harmful for Crohn's Disease
• Consider vitamin D supplementation: Some studies suggest a link between vitamin D deficiency and IBD
• Probiotics: May help in maintaining remission, particularly in ulcerative colitis
• Regular screenings: Colonoscopies to monitor disease activity and screen for colorectal cancer
• Support groups: Connecting with others who have IBD can provide emotional support and practical tips

Read more

4. Peptic Ulcer Disease
 Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is a condition characterised by ulcers that develop on the inside lining of the stomach and the upper portion of the small intestine. The most common causes are infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen.

Peptic ulcers occur when the protective mucus layer in the digestive tract is reduced, allowing stomach acid to damage the underlying tissue. Symptoms can include burning stomach pain, feeling of fullness, bloating, heartburn, nausea, and intolerance to fatty foods. In severe cases, ulcers can lead to serious complications such as bleeding or perforation of the stomach or intestinal wall.

Management 

• Medications:
  • Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to reduce stomach acid
  • H2 receptor blockers as an alternative to PPIs
  • Antacids for quick relief of symptoms
  • Cytoprotective agents like sucralfate to protect the lining of stomach and small intestine
• Eradication of H. pylori: Typically involves a combination of antibiotics and acid suppressants
• Discontinuation of NSAIDs:
  • If possible, stop or reduce the use of NSAIDs
  • If NSAIDs are necessary, use the lowest effective dose
• Lifestyle modifications:
  • Avoid foods that trigger discomfort
  • Quit smoking
  • Limit alcohol consumption
  • Manage stress through relaxation techniques or counselling
• Follow-up endoscopy: To ensure healing of the ulcer, especially if it was large or complicated

Prevention 

• Limit use of NSAIDs:
  • If regular use is necessary, take with food and use the lowest effective dose
  • Consider alternative pain relievers when possible
• Protect against H. pylori:
  • Practice good hygiene, especially handwashing
  • Avoid food or water that may be contaminated
• Don't smoke: Smoking can increase stomach acid and impair the protective lining of the stomach
• Limit alcohol intake: Excessive alcohol can irritate and erode the mucous lining of the stomach
• Manage stress: While stress doesn't cause ulcers, it can exacerbate symptoms
• Eat a healthy diet: Include fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Avoid foods that trigger discomfort
• Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day
• Regular check-ups: If you have a history of ulcers, regular medical check-ups can help catch and treat recurrences early
• Probiotics: Studies suggest probiotics may help prevent H. pylori infection

Read more

5. Diverticular Disease
Diverticular disease refers to a condition where small, bulging pouches (diverticula) develop in the lining of the digestive system, most commonly in the lower part of the large intestine (colon). When these pouches become inflamed or infected, the condition is called diverticulitis.

The exact cause of diverticular disease is not fully understood, but it's believed to be related to a low-fibre diet, aging, and possibly genetic factors. The condition is more common in older adults and in countries where diets are typically lower in fibre.

Diverticulosis (the presence of diverticula) often doesn't cause symptoms, but diverticulitis can cause severe abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and changes in bowel habits.

Management 

• Dietary modifications:
  • High-fibre diet to prevent constipation and reduce pressure in the colon
  • Adequate hydration to help fibre work effectively
• Probiotics: May help maintain a healthy balance of gut bacteria
• Rest and liquid diet: During acute flare-ups of diverticulitis
• Regular exercise: To promote regular bowel movements and overall digestive health
• Avoiding trigger foods: Some people find that certain foods (e.g., nuts, seeds, popcorn) exacerbate symptoms, although recent research suggests these may not be as problematic as once thought
• Medications: 

Pain relievers: Paracetamol can help relieve pain. You should avoid aspirin or ibuprofen, which can upset your stomach. 

Antibiotics: A doctor may prescribe antibiotics to treat mild diverticulitis. 

Antispasmodics: These medicines can help with stomach cramps. 

Bulk-forming laxatives: These can help with constipation and diarrhea. 

-Surgery: 

Surgery may be recommended if there have been serious complications, such as a rupture, colon blockage, or diverticular bleeding. 

Prevention 

• High-fibre diet:
  • Aim for 25-30 grams of fibre daily
  • Include plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes
• Stay hydrated: Drink at least 8 glasses of water daily to help fibre work effectively
• Regular exercise: Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate activity most days of the week
• Maintain a healthy weight: Obesity is a risk factor for diverticular disease
• Avoid straining during bowel movements:
  • Don't ignore the urge to have a bowel movement
  • Avoid sitting on the toilet for long periods
• Quit smoking: Smoking is associated with an increased risk of diverticulitis
• Limit red meat consumption: High intake of red meat has been associated with increased risk
• Consider fiber supplements: If you struggle to get enough fiber from your diet alone
• Manage stress: Chronic stress may increase the risk of diverticulitis flare-ups
• Regular check-ups: Especially if you have a history of diverticular disease

Read more

6. Celiac Disease
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. When people with celiac disease eat gluten, their body mounts an immune response that attacks the small intestine, damaging the villi, small finger-like projections that line the small intestine and promote nutrient absorption.

Celiac disease can develop at any age after people start eating foods or medicines that contain gluten. Left untreated, celiac disease can lead to additional serious health problems, including malnutrition, osteoporosis, infertility, neurological conditions, and in rare cases, cancer. 

Symptoms can vary widely and may include digestive problems (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhoea, constipation), fatigue, weight loss, anemia, and more. Some people with celiac disease may have no symptoms at all.

Management 

• Strict gluten-free diet:
  • Eliminate all sources of gluten, including hidden sources in processed foods and medications
  • Work with a registered dietitian to ensure a balanced, nutritious diet
• Nutritional supplementation:
  • May be necessary to correct deficiencies, especially in newly diagnosed patients
  • Common supplements include iron, calcium, vitamin D, zinc, and B vitamins
• Regular medical follow-ups: To monitor healing and manage any complications
• Bone density scans: To check for osteoporosis, which is common in celiac disease
• Medications: If your small intestine is severely damaged or you have refractory celiac disease, steroids may be recommended to control inflammation. Steroids can ease severe symptoms of celiac disease while the intestine heals.Other drugs, such as azathioprine or budesonide, might be used.

Prevention 
While celiac disease cannot be prevented, as it's an autoimmune disorder with a genetic component, there are strategies to prevent complications and manage the condition effectively:

• Strict adherence to a gluten-free diet: This is the only effective treatment for celiac disease
• Regular medical check-ups: To monitor healing and catch any complications early
• Educate family members: First-degree relatives should be screened for celiac disease
• Be vigilant about cross-contamination: Use separate cooking utensils and preparation areas for gluten-free foods
• Read labels carefully: Gluten can be hidden in many processed foods and even some medications
• Plan when eating out: Call restaurants in advance to discuss gluten-free options
• Maintain overall health: Regular exercise, stress management, and adequate sleep can support overall well-being

Read more

1.Appendectomy
Appendectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the appendix, a small pouch attached to the colon. It is one of the most common emergency surgeries performed worldwide. The procedure can be done through traditional open surgery or laparoscopically, depending on the patient's condition and the surgeon's preference.

Why it's done
Appendectomy is primarily performed to treat acute appendicitis, which is an inflammation of the appendix. If left untreated, appendicitis can lead to a ruptured appendix, causing a potentially life-threatening infection called peritonitis. The lifetime risk of developing appendicitis is 8.6% in men and 6.7% in females.

Symptoms:

• Sudden pain that begins on the right side of the lower abdomen
• Pain that worsens if you cough, walk or make other jarring movements
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Low-grade fever that may worsen as the illness progresses
• Constipation or diarrhoea
• Abdominal bloating

Benefits
The primary benefits of appendectomy include:

• Relief of pain and discomfort: Removing the infected appendix eliminates the source of pain and inflammation.
• Prevention of complications: Surgery prevents the appendix from rupturing and causing peritonitis, which can be life-threatening.
• Definitive treatment: Once the appendix is removed, appendicitis cannot recur.
• Quick recovery: Most patients can go home 1 day after a laparoscopic or open procedure.
• Low risk of long-term complications: Appendectomy is a safe procedure with a low risk of long-term complications.
• Improved quality of life: Patients can return to normal activities relatively quickly after surgery.

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2. Cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal)
Cholecystectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the gallbladder, a small organ located under the liver that stores bile. This operation is typically performed to treat gallstones and other gallbladder-related conditions. The procedure can be done laparoscopically (minimally invasive) or through open surgery.

Why it's done
 Cholecystectomy is typically recommended in the following situations:

• Gallstones: The formation of gallstones is a common gallbladder problem that can cause intense pain and inflammation.
• Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder, usually due to gallstones, can lead to severe complications.
• Gallbladder Polyps: These are growths on the inner lining of the gallbladder. While most are benign, larger polyps may require removal.
• Biliary Dyskinesia: A condition where the gallbladder doesn't function correctly, leading to persistent pain and discomfort.

Benefits
 The benefits of cholecystectomy, particularly laparoscopic cholecystectomy, include:

• Faster Recovery: Patients typically experience less pain and discomfort after laparoscopic surgery and can often return to normal activities more quickly.
• Reduced Scarring: The small incisions result in minimal scarring compared to the larger incision required in open surgery.
• Shorter Hospital Stay: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy needs a much shorter stay at the hospital.
• Relief from symptoms: Removal of the diseased gallbladder eliminates pain and discomfort associated with gallbladder conditions.
• Prevention of complications: Surgery prevents potential complications such as gallbladder rupture or bile duct obstruction.
• Improved quality of life: Patients can eat normally without fear of gallbladder related dyspepsia and pain.

Read more

3.Colectomy 

Colectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing all or part of the colon (large intestine). It is often performed to treat severe cases of inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, as well as colon cancer.

Why it's done
Colectomy may be recommended in the following situations:

• Severe symptoms that don't respond to medication
• Colon cancer
• Bleeding that cannot be controlled
• Complications such as bowel obstruction, perforation, or severe bleeding
• Precancerous changes in the colon
• Toxic megacolon, a severe and potentially life-threatening complication of inflammatory bowel disease
   

Benefits

• Symptom relief: Removal of diseased sections of the intestine can significantly reduce or eliminate symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and rectal bleeding.
• Cancer treatment: Helps in management of colon cancer
• Prevention of complications: Surgery can prevent serious complications such as perforation or toxic megacolon.
• Long-term solution for inflammatory bowel disease: While not a cure for Crohn's disease, colectomy can provide long-term symptom relief for many patients. In cases of ulcerative colitis, removing the entire colon eliminates the risk of colon cancer. Some patients may be able to reduce or eliminate their need for immunosuppressive medications.

4. Bowel resection 

Bowel resection is a surgical procedure that involves removing a diseased portion of the intestine and reconnecting the healthy ends. 

Why it's done

Small bowel resection: Removes a part of the small intestine, which is also known as the small bowel. This surgery is performed when the small bowel is diseased or blocked. 

Large bowel resection: Also known as a colectomy, this surgery removes all or part of the large intestine, which is also known as the colon. The type of colectomy performed depends on which part of the colon is removed. 
 

Bowel resection is performed to treat conditions such as:

• Crohn's disease
• Bowel obstructions
• Abscesses
• Traumatic injuries to the colon
• Uncontrolled gastrointestinal bleeding
• Colorectal cancer or certain precancerous conditions 

During the surgery, the surgeon will:

1. Check the bowel for unhealthy areas
2. Remove the damaged section
3. Stitch the two cut ends together to form a continuous tube 

The surgery can be performed laparoscopically or with open surgery. 

Benefits
The benefits of bowel resection include:

• Symptom relief: Surgery can provide significant relief from pain, diarrhoea, and other symptoms associated with Crohn's disease.
• Nutritional improvement: Removing diseased portions of the intestine can improve nutrient absorption and overall nutritional status.
• Medication reduction: Some patients may be able to reduce or eliminate their need for immunosuppressive medications after surgery.
• Treatment of complications: Surgery can effectively treat complications such as fistulas, abscesses, and strictures.
• Cancer treatment: Bowel resection is an essential part of treatment of colorectal cancer.
• Long-term management of Crohn’s disease: While not a cure, bowel resection can provide long-term symptom control for many patients with Crohn's disease.

5. Hernia repair

Hernia repair is a common surgical procedure performed to correct a hernia, which occurs when an organ or fatty tissue squeezes through a weak spot in a surrounding muscle or connective tissue called fascia. The most common types of hernias are inguinal (inner groin), incisional (resulting from an incision), femoral (outer groin), umbilical (belly button), and hiatal (upper stomach).

Why it's done

Hernia repair surgery is typically recommended for the following reasons:

• To relieve discomfort: Hernias can cause pain, especially when coughing, bending over, or lifting heavy objects.
• To prevent complications: Untreated hernias can lead to serious complications such as intestinal obstruction or strangulation.
• To improve quality of life: Hernias can interfere with daily activities and cause cosmetic concerns.
• To address growing hernias: As hernias tend to enlarge over time, early repair can prevent more complex surgeries later.

Many hernias can be repaired laparoscopically, resulting in smaller incisions and faster recovery.

Benefits
 The benefits of hernia repair surgery include:

• Pain relief: Most patients experience significant reduction or elimination of hernia-related pain.
• Prevention of complications: Surgery reduces the risk of serious complications like bowel obstruction or strangulation.
• Improved function: Patients can often return to normal activities without restrictions after recovery.
• Cosmetic improvement: Hernia repair can improve the appearance of bulges caused by hernias.
• Long-term solution: While recurrence is possible, most hernia repairs provide a long-lasting solution.

Read more

6. Intestinal obstruction surgery

Surgery for intestinal obstruction is a procedure that involves removing the blockage and any damaged or dead parts of the intestine. The type of surgery depends on the cause of the obstruction and the part of the intestine affected. 

Here are some types of bowel obstruction surgeries:

• Intestinal obstruction repair: The surgeon makes a cut in the abdomen to locate and unblock the blockage. Damaged parts of the bowel may be removed or repaired.
• Stent placement: A wire mesh tube is inserted into the intestine to keep it open and relieve symptoms. This can be a temporary solution until the patient is ready for surgery.
• Colostomy or ileostomy: If part of the intestine needs to be removed and the ends can't be reconnected, the surgeon may bring one end out through an opening in the abdomen. 

Why it's done

Intestinal obstruction surgery is typically performed in the following situations:

• Complete bowel obstruction: When there is a total blockage preventing the passage of any contents through the intestine.
• Partial obstruction that doesn't resolve: Some partial obstructions may be managed conservatively, but surgery is needed if they persist or worsen.
• Strangulated obstruction: This is a medical emergency where the blood supply to part of the intestine is cut off.
• Chronic, recurrent obstructions: In cases where obstructions keep recurring due to underlying conditions like adhesions or tumours.

Benefits

The benefits of intestinal obstruction surgery include:

• Relief of symptoms: Surgery can quickly alleviate the severe pain and discomfort associated with bowel obstruction.
• Prevention of complications: Timely surgery can prevent serious complications such as perforation, sepsis, or tissue death.
• Restoration of bowel function: Successful surgery allows for the normal passage of intestinal contents.
• Diagnosis and treatment of underlying conditions: Surgery may reveal and allow treatment of underlying causes such as tumours or adhesions.

8. Fundoplication for reflux disease

Fundoplication is a surgical procedure used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and hiatal hernia. The most common type is the Nissen fundoplication, where the upper part of the stomach (fundus) is wrapped around the lower esophagus to strengthen the barrier between the esophagus and stomach, preventing acid reflux.

Why it's done

Fundoplication may be recommended in the following situations:

• Severe GERD symptoms that don't respond adequately to medication.
• Desire to stop long-term medication use for GERD.
• Presence of complications from GERD, such as esophagitis or Barrett's esophagus.
• Recurrent aspiration pneumonia due to reflux.
• Large hiatal hernia causing symptoms.
• Esophageal motility disorders 

Benefits

The benefits of fundoplication include:

• Effective long-term treatment: Many patients experience significant reduction or elimination of GERD symptoms.
• Reduced medication dependence: Many patients can reduce or stop their use of acid-suppressing medications.
• Prevention of complications: Surgery can help prevent long-term complications of GERD such as esophageal strictures or Barrett's esophagus.
• Improved quality of life: Patients often report better sleep, fewer dietary restrictions, and overall improved well-being.
• Treatment of associated conditions: The procedure can simultaneously address hiatal hernias.

9. Strictureplasty for narrowed intestinal segments

Strictureplasty is a surgical procedure used to treat narrowed segments of the intestine, typically in patients with Crohn's disease. Unlike resection, which removes the diseased portion of the bowel, strictureplasty widens the narrowed area while preserving the length of the intestine.

Why it's done

Strictureplasty is typically performed in the following situations:

• Presence of short segment strictures in the small intestine.
• Multiple areas of narrowing in the small intestine.
• Previous extensive bowel resections, where preserving bowel length is crucial.
• Recurrent strictures after previous surgeries.
• To avoid short bowel syndrome in patients at risk.

Benefits

The benefits of strictureplasty include:

• Bowel preservation: By avoiding resection, strictureplasty helps maintain the length and absorptive capacity of the intestine.
• Reduced risk of short bowel syndrome: This is particularly important for patients who have already undergone multiple resections.
• Symptom relief: The procedure can alleviate obstructive symptoms caused by intestinal narrowing.
• Improved nutrition: By improving intestinal function, strictureplasty can enhance nutrient absorption.
• Potential for minimally invasive approach: In some cases, strictureplasty can be performed laparoscopically, offering the benefits of smaller incisions and faster recovery.

Bariatric surgery, also known as weight loss surgery, refers to a group of gastrointestinal surgical procedures designed to help individuals with severe morbid obesity achieve significant and sustained weight loss. These procedures work by altering the digestive system, either by restricting the amount of food the stomach can hold, reducing the absorption of nutrients, or a combination of both.

Bariatric surgery is typically considered for individuals who have not been able to achieve or maintain a healthy weight through diet and exercise alone, and who have obesity-related health conditions. It's important to note that bariatric surgery is not a quick fix or an easy solution, but rather a tool that, when combined with lifestyle changes, can lead to significant improvements in health and quality of life.

Gastric Banding

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is a restrictive bariatric procedure that involves placing an inflatable silicone band around the upper portion of the stomach. This creates a small pouch, limiting food intake and promoting early satiety. The band can be adjusted postoperatively by adding or removing saline through a subcutaneous port. LAGB is reversible and does not alter the digestive tract anatomy. However, it has fallen out of favor due to its high failure rate and potential long-term complications.

Read more about Gastric Banding 

Sleeve Gastrectomy

Sleeve gastrectomy is a restrictive bariatric procedure that involves removing approximately 80% of the stomach, creating a tubular "sleeve" along the lesser curvature. This reduces stomach capacity and decreases ghrelin production, leading to reduced hunger. The procedure is typically performed laparoscopically and takes about 60-90 minutes. It results in significant weight loss and improvement of obesity-related comorbidities. Sleeve gastrectomy does not involve intestinal rerouting, minimizing the risk of malabsorption-related complications.

Read more above Sleeve Gastrectomy

Gastric Bypass

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a combined restrictive and malabsorptive procedure. It involves creating a small gastric pouch and rerouting the small intestine to form a Y-configuration. This limits food intake and reduces nutrient absorption. RYGB leads to significant weight loss and improvement in obesity-related comorbidities, particularly type 2 diabetes. The procedure is typically performed laparoscopically and takes about 1.5 hours. RYGB requires lifelong nutritional supplementation and follow-up due to the risk of vitamin and mineral deficiencies.

Bilio-pancreatic Diversion

Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS) is a complex malabsorptive procedure that combines sleeve gastrectomy with intestinal bypass. It involves removing about 80% of the stomach and rerouting the small intestine to significantly reduce nutrient absorption. BPD/DS results in the most substantial weight loss among bariatric procedures and has the highest rate of diabetes remission. However, it carries a higher risk of nutritional deficiencies and complications, requiring lifelong supplementation and close follow-up.

Read more about Bilio-pancreatic Disease

Metabolic Surgery

Metabolic surgery refers to bariatric procedures primarily aimed at treating metabolic disorders, especially type 2 diabetes, in patients with obesity. These procedures, such as RYGB and sleeve gastrectomy, alter gut hormones and metabolism, leading to improved glycemic control and resolution of metabolic syndrome components. Metabolic surgery is indicated for patients with BMI ≥30 kg/m² (≥27.5 kg/m² for Asian populations) with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes or other obesity-related comorbidities.

Read more about metabolic surgery

Endoscopic Bariatric Surgery

Endoscopic bariatric therapies (EBT) are minimally invasive procedures performed using flexible endoscopes. They include techniques such as intragastric balloons, endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty, and aspiration therapy. EBTs aim to bridge the gap between medical management and traditional bariatric surgery, offering a less invasive option for weight loss. These procedures are generally reversible and may be suitable for patients with lower BMIs or those who are not candidates for surgical interventions.

Read more about EBT

Single Incision Laparoscopic Surgery (SILS)

Single Incision Laparoscopic Surgery (SILS) is an advanced minimally invasive technique that uses a single incision, typically at the umbilicus, to perform bariatric procedures. This approach offers improved cosmetic results and potentially less postoperative pain compared to traditional multi-port laparoscopy. SILS can be applied to various bariatric procedures, including sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass. However, it requires specialized equipment and advanced laparoscopic skills.

Read more about SILS

Robotic Surgery

Robotic bariatric surgery utilizes a computer-assisted robotic system to perform weight loss procedures. The surgeon controls robotic arms from a console, offering enhanced 3D visualization and precise instrument manipulation. This approach can be applied to various bariatric procedures, including sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass. Robotic surgery may offer advantages such as improved dexterity in tight spaces and potentially reduced complication rates. However, it requires specialized training and equipment.

Read more about Robotic Surgery 

Understanding Gastrointestinal Cancers
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are a group of diseases that affect the digestive system. These cancers can develop in various parts of the GI tract, including the esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, colon, and rectum. At Apollo Institute of Gastroenterology, we specialise in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of these complex conditions.

Types of Gastrointestinal Cancers
Some of the most common types of GI cancers include:

• Esophageal Cancer - Read more
• Stomach (Gastric) Cancer - Read more
• Colorectal Cancer - Read more
• Pancreatic Cancer - Read more
• Liver Cancer - Read more
• Small Intestine Cancer - Read more

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer treatment depends on the type and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's goals. Treatment options include: 

• Surgery: Complete removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue. The type of surgery depends on the cancer's location.

• Chemotherapy: Drugs that destroy cancer cells by stopping them from growing and dividing. 

  Read more

• Radiation therapy: Used to shrink tumors or kill any remaining cancer cells after surgery. 

  Read more

• Targeted therapy: Drugs that target specific genes, proteins, or tissue environments that contribute to cancer growth. 

  Read more

• Immunotherapy: Drugs that suppress or stimulate the immune system to help fight cancer. 

  Read more

• Neoadjuvant therapy: Medical treatments given before surgery to shrink the tumor or make surgery safer and more effective.

• Adjuvant therapy: Medical treatments given after surgery to lower the risk of the cancer coming back.

• Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy portions of the esophagus or stomach to restore function.

• Liver transplantation: An option for some liver cancer patients. 

  Read more

For very advanced cases, doctors may focus on symptom relief rather than curing the disease. 

Read more

Some surgical treatments for Gastrointestinal cancers 

1. Gastrectomy (stomach removal)
 Gastrectomy involves removing all or part of the stomach. Under general anesthesia, the surgeon accesses the stomach either through a large abdominal incision (open surgery) or several small incisions (laparoscopic approach). In a total gastrectomy, the entire stomach is removed along with nearby lymph nodes. In a partial gastrectomy, only a portion of the stomach is removed. The digestive tract is then reconstructed by connecting the esophagus directly to the small intestine (in total gastrectomy) or reattaching the remaining stomach to the small intestine (in partial gastrectomy).

Why is it done?
Gastrectomy is performed to:

• Treat stomach cancer
• Remove precancerous lesions
• Prevent cancer in individuals with high genetic risk
• Alleviate symptoms in advanced cases

Benefits

• Can be curative for some stages of stomach cancer
• Prevents cancer development in high-risk individuals
• Provides relief from symptoms in advanced cases
• Allows for accurate staging and tailored follow-up treatment

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2. Colectomy for Colon Cancer
Colectomy involves removing all or part of the colon. The surgeon makes incisions in the abdomen, either through open surgery or laparoscopically. The section of the colon containing the cancer is removed, along with a margin of healthy tissue and nearby lymph nodes. The healthy ends of the colon are then reconnected (anastomosis). In some cases, a temporary or permanent colostomy may be necessary, where the end of the colon is brought through an opening in the abdominal wall.

Why is it done?
Colectomy is performed to:

• Remove colon cancer
• Prevent cancer spread
• Relieve symptoms in advanced cases
• Obtain tissue for accurate diagnosis and staging

Benefits

• Can be curative for early-stage colon cancer
• Provides accurate staging information
• May prevent complications like bowel obstruction
• Improves quality of life by alleviating symptoms
• Allows for tailored adjuvant therapy based on pathology results

3. Pancreatic Surgery: Whipple’s procedure 
Pancreatic surgery varies depending on the location and extent of the cancer. The most common procedure is the Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy), which involves removing the head of the pancreas, part of the small intestine, the gallbladder, and sometimes part of the stomach. Other procedures include distal pancreatectomy (removing the body and tail of the pancreas) and total pancreatectomy (removing the entire pancreas). The surgeon then reconstructs the digestive tract to restore function.

Why is it done?
Pancreatic surgery is performed to:

• Remove pancreatic cancer
• Treat precancerous lesions
• Relieve symptoms in advanced cases
• Obtain tissue for accurate diagnosis and staging

Benefits

• Can be curative for early-stage pancreatic cancer
• May significantly extend survival in more advanced cases
• Provides relief from symptoms like jaundice and pain
• Allows for accurate staging and tailored follow-up treatment
• Improves quality of life in many cases

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4. Liver Resection
Liver resection involves surgically removing the part of the liver containing cancer. The surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen to access the liver. Using advanced imaging guidance, the tumour is located and carefully removed along with a margin of healthy liver tissue. The amount of liver removed depends on the size and location of the tumour. In some cases, the surgery may be done laparoscopically. After removal, the remaining liver is checked for any signs of cancer spread.

Why is it done?
Liver cancer resection is performed to:

• Remove primary liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma)
• Remove metastatic tumours that have spread to the liver from other organs
• Provide relief from symptoms in advanced cases
• Obtain tissue for accurate diagnosis and staging

Benefits

• Can be curative for early-stage liver cancer
• May extend survival in more advanced cases
• Improves quality of life by relieving symptoms
• Allows for accurate staging and tailored follow-up treatment
• Provides an opportunity for the liver to regenerate healthy tissue

Liver Transplant 

A liver transplant is a complex surgical procedure that involves replacing a diseased or damaged liver with a healthy one from a donor. This life-saving operation is typically recommended for patients with end-stage liver disease or acute liver failure when other treatment options have been exhausted.

How is it done?
The transplant surgery involves removing the patient's diseased liver and replacing it with either a whole liver or a portion of a healthy liver from a donor. There are three main types of liver transplants:
 

1. Orthotopic transplant: The most common type, where a whole liver from a deceased donor is used.
2. Living donor transplant: A portion of a living donor's liver is transplanted.
3. Split donation: A deceased donor's liver is split between an adult and a child recipient.

During the surgery, the surgeon makes an incision in the patient's abdomen, removes the diseased liver, and carefully connects the donor liver to the patient's blood vessels and bile ducts.

 

Reasons for Liver Transplant

Liver transplantation is recommended when a person's liver no longer functions adequately to sustain life. Common reasons include:

• Cirrhosis caused by chronic hepatitis C or long-term alcohol abuse
• Primary liver cancer
• Cholangitis
• Acute liver failure due to infection or medication complications

Benefits

Liver transplantation offers numerous benefits to patients with end-stage liver disease:

• Improved quality of life: Patients can return to normal daily activities and lead more productive lives.
• Increased life expectancy: The procedure is life-saving for many patients.
• Enhanced liver function: The new liver restores normal metabolic processes.
• Energy boost: Most recipients report increased energy levels and improved ability to cope with everyday activities.
• Increased productivity: Patients can often return to work and engage in various activities.
• Improved fertility: For those of childbearing age, fertility may be restored.

Donor Types
Liver transplants can be performed using organs from two types of donors:

1. Deceased donors: Most donated livers come from individuals who have arranged to be organ donors or whose families have granted permission after brain death.
2. Living donors: Often relatives or friends of the recipient undergo extensive medical and psychological evaluation before donating a portion of their liver.

Post-Transplant Care 

After the transplant, patients must take immunosuppressive medications for the rest of their lives to prevent rejection of the new liver. Regular follow-ups and monitoring are essential to ensure the success of the transplant and manage any potential complications.

Read more 
 

Our institute is actively engaged in cutting-edge clinical trials aimed at evaluating novel therapies and technologies in gastroenterology. These trials include:

• Clinical Trials for Innovative Medications: Assessing the efficacy and safety profiles of new drugs designed to manage conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, functional gastrointestinal disorders, and liver diseases.
• Endoscopic Device Trials: Evaluating the effectiveness of state-of-the-art endoscopic devices, including advanced imaging technologies and minimally invasive therapeutic tools, in improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes
• Microbiome Intervention Studies: Investigating the impact of microbiome modulation on various gastrointestinal disorders, including the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation.

These trials not only contribute to global research efforts but also provide our patients with access to the most advanced treatments available.

Our expert gastroenterologists push the boundaries of medical knowledge through rigorous research and publication. Key areas of focus include:

• Advanced Endoscopic Techniques: Studies on innovative endoscopic procedures that enhance diagnostic accuracy and enable minimally invasive treatments.
• Long-term Outcomes of Liver Transplantation: Research detailing success rates and quality of life improvements for liver transplant recipients.
• Management of Chronic Gastrointestinal Conditions: Publications focusing on optimal strategies for managing disorders like inflammatory bowel disease, chronic pancreatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

These publications play a crucial role in disseminating knowledge and establishing new standards in gastroenterological care.

Apollo Institute of Gastroenterology collaborates with leading institutions and research organisations to conduct comprehensive studies that deepen our understanding of digestive health. These collaborative efforts include:

• Multicentre Trials: Partnering with other hospitals to evaluate large-scale treatment protocols, ensuring diverse patient representation and robust data collection.
• International Research Initiatives: Engaging in global research projects that address prevalent gastrointestinal issues across different populations and ethnicities.
• Educational Collaborations: Working closely with academic institutions to train future gastroenterologists and share the latest advancements in digestive care.

These collaborations enhance our research capabilities and directly contribute to improved patient care outcomes.

Our commitment to personalised patient care is exemplified through numerous gastroenterology patient case studies, which highlight successful treatment outcomes and innovative approaches to complex digestive disorders. These case studies serve as valuable learning tools for our team and the wider medical community, showcasing the real-world application of cutting-edge treatments and management strategies in gastroenterology.

At Apollo Institute of Gastroenterology, our research and case studies form the foundation of our evidence-based approach to digestive health care, ensuring that our patients receive the most advanced and effective treatments available.

1. Advanced Endoscopy Suite

Our state-of-the-art endoscopy suites are equipped with high-definition imaging systems that provide crystal-clear views of the digestive tract. This technology allows for detailed examination and precise interventions.

Benefits for patients:

• Enhanced Visualisation: High-resolution images for accurate diagnosis
• Improved Precision: Better targeting of treatments and biopsies
• Reduced Procedure Time: Efficient examinations with clearer views
• Increased Comfort: Thinner, more flexible endoscopes for patient comfort

2. Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)

This advanced technology combines endoscopy with ultrasound, providing detailed images of the digestive tract and surrounding organs.

Advantages include:

• Detailed Imaging: Visualises layers of the GI tract and nearby structures
• Precise Biopsies: Allows for accurate, targeted tissue sampling
• Minimally Invasive: Provides valuable information without surgery
• Versatile: Used for both diagnosis and certain treatments

3. Capsule Endoscopy

This innovative technology uses a pill-sized camera to capture images of the small intestine, an area difficult to examine with traditional endoscopy.

Key Features:

• Non-Invasive: Patient simply swallows a small capsule
• Comprehensive: Captures thousands of images as it travels through the digestive tract
• Patient-Friendly: No sedation required, patients can go about their day
• Diagnostic Power: Helps detect small bowel conditions missed by other tests

4. FibroScan
FibroScan is a cutting-edge, non-invasive technology that assesses liver health by measuring liver stiffness and fat content. It's like having a specialised ultrasound for your liver that can detect issues before they become serious problems.

 

Key Features:

• Quick and Painless: Examination typically takes just 5-10 minutes
• Non-Invasive: No needles or incisions required
• Immediate Results: Provides instant assessment of liver health
• Repeatable: Can be performed multiple times without risk
• Comprehensive: Measures both liver stiffness and fat content

Benefits for patients:

• Early Detection: Can identify liver issues before symptoms appear
• Avoid Biopsies: Often eliminates the need for invasive liver biopsies
• Monitor Progress: Easily track changes in liver health over time
• Versatile: Useful for various liver conditions, including fatty liver disease and hepatitis

5. HIDA Scan (Hepatobiliary Iminodiacetic Acid Scan)

The HIDA scan is a specialised imaging test that provides a detailed look at your liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts. It's like creating a movie of how your biliary system functions, allowing doctors to spot issues that might not show up on other tests.

Advanced Features:

• Dynamic Imaging: Captures the movement of bile through your system
• Functional Assessment: Shows how well your liver and gallbladder are working
• Minimally Invasive: Requires only an injection of a safe radioactive tracer
• Comprehensive Evaluation: Examines the entire biliary system in one test

Benefits for patients:

• Accurate Diagnosis: Helps identify a wide range of biliary disorders
• Avoid Unnecessary Procedures: Can rule out certain conditions without surgery
• Personalised Care: Provides detailed information to guide treatment decisions
• Safe and Well-Tolerated: Very low risk of side effects or complications

1. Da Vinci Xi Surgical Robot

This advanced robotic system facilitates superhuman precision in gastrointestinal surgeries. It translates the surgeon's hand movements into smaller, more precise movements of tiny instruments inside the patient's body.

How It Helps:

• Tiny Incisions: Most cuts are just 8mm long
• 3D HD Vision: Surgeons see inside the abdomen in high-definition 3D
• Greater Precision: Robot hands do not shake and can rotate 360 degrees
• Faster Recovery: Smaller cuts mean less pain and quicker healing
• Better Results: Enhanced precision often leads to better outcomes

2. Minimally Invasive Surgery

Application of laparoscopic and robotic surgical techniques to various gastrointestinal procedures allows for rapid postoperative recovery with minimal patient discomfort.

Benefits:

• Smaller Incisions: Less scarring and faster healing
• Reduced Pain: Less postoperative discomfort
• Shorter Hospital Stay: Patients often go home sooner
• Quicker Return to Normal Activities: Faster overall recovery

3. Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

This specialised procedure combines endoscopy and X-ray imaging to diagnose and treat conditions of the bile and pancreatic ducts.

Advantages:

• Dual-Function: Both diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities
• Minimally Invasive: Avoids need for open surgery in many cases
• Versatile: Can remove stones, place stents, and perform biopsies
• Precision: Allows for targeted interventions in complex biliary and pancreatic disorders

4. Gastrointestinal Critical Care

Our intensive care units are equipped with advanced life support systems to care for patients with serious digestive conditions.

Advanced Features:

• Specialised Nutrition Support: Parenteral and enteral feeding systems
• Dialysis Capabilities: For patients with liver or kidney complications
• Infection Control: State-of-the-art systems to maintain a sterile environment
• Advanced Monitoring: Continuous tracking of vital signs and organ function

5. Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)

Radiofrequency Ablation is an advanced technique that uses heat generated by radio waves to destroy abnormal tissue in the digestive tract. Think of it as a precise, targeted treatment that can eliminate problem areas without major surgery.

How It Helps:

• Minimally Invasive: Performed through an endoscope, avoiding open surgery
• Precise Targeting: Destroys abnormal tissue while sparing healthy areas
• Quick Recovery: Most patients go home the same day
• Effective Treatment: High success rates for conditions like Barrett's esophagus
• Repeatable: Can be performed multiple times if needed

Advantages include:

• Reduced Complications: Lower risk compared to traditional surgical options
• Organ Preservation: Treats disease while maintaining normal organ function
• Improved Quality of Life: Effectively manages symptoms with minimal disruption
• Customisable: Treatment can be tailored to each patient's specific condition

6. AI Integration

We harness the power of artificial intelligence to enhance gastroenterological care:

Smart Technology Features:

• Automated Polyp Detection: AI assists in identifying potentially cancerous growths during colonoscopies
• Image Analysis: Helps interpret complex endoscopic and radiological images
• Predictive Analytics: Assists in predicting outcomes and potential complications
• Personalised Treatment Planning: Helps tailor treatments based on individual patient data
• Digital Health Monitoring: Our ProHealth program uses AI to create personalised digestive health plans and track symptoms over time

Your gastroenterology care journey begins with a comprehensive evaluation to help us understand your health needs and develop the best plan for you. During this visit, you can expect:

• Review of Medical History: The doctor will go over your past health issues, family history of digestive disorders, and any symptoms you've been experiencing.
• Physical Examination: A thorough physical check to assess your current health.
• Diagnostic Testing: Initial tests may include blood work, stool analysis, or other tests to understand your digestive health.
• Risk Assessment: Based on your health history and test results, we assess your risk for various gastrointestinal conditions.
• Treatment Planning: After reviewing the findings, the doctor will discuss potential treatment options and answer any questions, helping you understand the next steps.

During your treatment, whether you are having a surgical procedure or medical management, our team is here to ensure you're informed, comfortable, and well cared for. This phase includes:

• Detailed Information on Procedures: We explain what to expect from any treatment or procedure so that you feel fully prepared.
• Preparation Guidance: Before any procedure, you'll receive instructions to help you get ready and feel confident.
• Updates During Hospital Stay: While you're in the hospital, we keep you and your family informed of your progress every day.
• Daily Physician Rounds: Your doctor visits you daily to check your recovery and make any necessary adjustments to your treatment.
• Supportive Care Team: Our nurses, specialists, and support staff work together to ensure you receive the highest quality of care.

After treatment, we focus on helping you heal and maintain digestive health through a personalised management program:

• Custom Management Plans: We create a plan just for you, including dietary recommendations and lifestyle modifications to improve digestive health.
• Nutritional Guidance: Our dietitians advise on foods to support long-term digestive wellness and manage specific conditions.
• Follow-up Care: Regular check-ups to monitor your progress and adjust treatment as needed.
• Psychological Support: We provide emotional support to help you cope with any concerns, ensuring a positive mindset throughout your care.
• Patient Education: We offer resources and education to help you understand and manage your digestive health effectively.

We want every patient to feel prepared and comfortable. Following a few steps before your appointment can help us deliver the best care for you.

Before Your Appointment

Please carry with you the following documents and records:

• Medical History: A summary of your health history, including past illnesses or surgeries.
• Previous Test Results: Any previous digestive health-related test results, such as blood tests or imaging scans.
• Medication List: A complete list of any medications you're currently taking.
• Insurance Information: Details about your health insurance coverage.
• Identification Documents: Patient identification.
• Questions or Concerns: Write down any questions you want to ask the doctor.
• Medical Records: If available, bring any relevant health documents, such as:
  • Reports from previous gastrointestinal procedures
  • Recent lab results
  • Imaging studies (e.g., scans) on CD or DVD
  • Referral letters from other doctors
  • Recent endoscopy or colonoscopy reports
  • Any other health documents that may help us understand your needs
     

During Your Visit

Your first consultation usually includes:

• Discussion with Your Gastroenterologist: You'll talk with the doctor about your health history, symptoms, and any concerns.
• Physical Examination: A thorough checkup to assess your digestive health.
• Review of Medical Records: The doctor will review any documents or test results you've brought along.
• Diagnostic Tests: If needed, some tests may be done during the appointment to get a clearer picture of your digestive system's condition.
• Developing a Treatment Plan: The doctor will explain the best treatment options and answer any questions you have, so you feel comfortable and well-informed about your care.

Before your arrival, we help you plan and prepare for your visit:

• Medical Documentation Review: Our team reviews your medical records to understand your needs and create a treatment plan.
• Treatment Planning: We design a personalised care plan tailored to your specific gastroenterological condition.
• Cost Estimates: We provide transparent cost estimates to help you plan financially.
• Visa Assistance: We assist with visa requirements and provide documentation to support your medical travel, including a Medical Visa Invitation Letter.

While at Apollo Hospitals, we ensure you and your family feel fully supported:

• Dedicated Coordinators: You'll have a personal care coordinator to guide you through every step of your stay.
• Language Support: Trained interpreters are available to help you communicate clearly with your healthcare team in your preferred language.
• Cultural Considerations: We respect cultural needs and provide services that align with your preferences.
• Accommodation Assistance: We help arrange comfortable accommodation options for you and your family.
• Regular Updates: Our team provides updates on your treatment and recovery to keep both you and your family informed.

After your treatment, we continue to support you to ensure a successful recovery:

• Follow-Up Planning: We arrange follow-up appointments and consultations to monitor your recovery.
• Telemedicine Options: You can stay connected with our doctors through virtual consultations.
• Coordination with Home Country Physicians: We collaborate with your local doctor to ensure you receive consistent care.
• Digital Health Records: Access your medical records online for easy sharing and future care needs.