At Apollo Institute of Neurosciences, we combine years of experience with cutting-edge innovations. Our multidisciplinary team of neurologists, neurosurgeons, neuro-radiologists, neuro-anesthetists, and critical care specialists work together to provide comprehensive care for every neurological condition – from common concerns to the most complex cases. Apollo Hospitals is committed to addressing the rising prevalence of neuro conditions by providing comprehensive and accessible care.

What sets our expertise apart:

• Comprehensive neurological care under one roof
• Evidence-based treatment protocols
• Multi-disciplinary approach to patient care
• Latest technological innovations
• Regular quality audits and clinical outcome tracking

Our facilities are designed to provide the highest quality of neurological care with safety and comfort in mind. We offer the latest medical technology to ensure you receive world-class treatment at hospitals throughout India.

Our Advanced Facilities Include:

• State-of-the-art neuro-radiology services
• Advanced neuroimaging systems
• Specialised neuro-intensive care units
• Dedicated neurosurgery complexes
• Cutting-edge equipment including image intensifiers, operating microscopes, and computer navigation systems

We understand that neurological care involves not just medical treatment but emotional support and convenience for you and your family. Our approach focuses on making your journey to better neurological health as smooth as possible.

How We Put You First:

• 24/7 emergency neurological services
• Personalised treatment plans
• Comprehensive patient support services
• Advanced neuro-rehabilitation programs
• International patient care protocols

Prestigious international certifications and awards validate our commitment to excellence. These recognitions reflect our adherence to the highest global standards in neurology care.

• Joint Commission International (JCI) Accreditation
• Global Distinction in Stroke Management: Apollo Hospitals in Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad holds the distinction of being the first hospital in India to receive certification for stroke management from the Joint Commission International, USA.
• World's Best Specialised Hospitals Ranking: Apollo Hospitals Group has been featured among the top hospitals in the country for Neurology in the World's Best Specialised Hospitals rankings.
• NABH Accreditation

A stroke occurs when blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. This can happen due to a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or leaking or bursting of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke). Without prompt treatment, brain cells begin to die within minutes, leading to brain damage, disability, or death. Every year, more than 1.8 million people in India suffer from a stroke. Timely intervention at Apollo Hospitals can significantly reduce the risk of permanent disability.  

Our Comprehensive Care Includes:

Early Detection Programs:

• Stroke risk factor screening and management
• Rapid assessment protocols in emergency departments
• Advanced neuroimaging techniques such as CT angiography and perfusion imaging
•  

Treatment Options:

• Intravenous thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for eligible patients within 4.5 hours of symptom onset
• Antiplatelet therapy to prevent clot formation
• Blood pressure management and fluid balance optimisation

Advanced Treatment Options:

• Mechanical thrombectomy for large vessel occlusions up to 24 hours after symptom onset
• Endovascular coiling or surgical clipping for ruptured aneurysms
• Decompressive hemicraniectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery infarctions

Ongoing Care:

• Multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs including physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy
• Secondary stroke prevention strategies including anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation and carotid endarterectomy for significant carotid stenosis
• Cognitive rehabilitation and neuropsychological support

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterised by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. These seizures are caused by sudden, abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which can lead to changes in behaviour, movements, feelings, and consciousness. India has over 12 million people living with epilepsy. Apollo Hospitals’ comprehensive epilepsy care programs are geared towards offering cutting-edge treatments and surgical options.

Our Comprehensive Care Includes:

Early Detection Programs:

• Long-term video-EEG monitoring for accurate seizure classification
• High-resolution MRI with epilepsy protocol to identify structural abnormalities
• Genetic testing for hereditary epilepsy syndromes

Treatment Options:

• Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) tailored to seizure type and patient characteristics
• Ketogenic diet therapy, particularly effective in certain pediatric epilepsies
• Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for drug-resistant epilepsy

Advanced Treatment Options:

• Responsive neurostimulation (RNS) devices for focal epilepsies
• Minimally invasive laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) for focal lesions
• Corpus callosotomy or functional hemispherectomy for severe, generalised epilepsies

Ongoing Care:

• Regular AED level monitoring and adjustment
• Cognitive and psychiatric evaluation to address comorbidities
• Patient education on seizure first aid and lifestyle management

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Brain tumours are abnormal growths of cells within the brain or the central spinal canal. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and may originate in the brain itself (primary tumours) or spread from cancers elsewhere in the body (secondary or metastatic tumours).

Our Comprehensive Care Includes:

Early Detection Programs:

• Advanced MRI techniques including spectroscopy and perfusion imaging
• PET-CT scans for metabolic activity assessment and staging
• Liquid biopsy and circulating tumour DNA analysis for early detection and monitoring

Treatment Options:

• Microsurgical resection with intraoperative neuro-navigation
• Fractionated external beam radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy regimens 

Advanced Treatment Options:

• Awake craniotomy for tumours in eloquent brain areas[regions of brain responsible for critical function like speech or movement]
• Gamma Knife radiosurgery for small, deep-seated tumours using highly focued beam of radiation
• Tumour-treating fields (TTFields) therapy for glioblastoma that uses electrical fields for disruption of cancer call division.

Ongoing Care:

• Regular MRI surveillance for tumour recurrence
• Management of treatment-related side effects
• Palliative care and symptom management for advanced cases

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Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, balance, and coordination. Affecting over 500,000 people in India, it is caused by the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells in the substantia nigra, leading to motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia (progressive slowing of movement over time). Apollo Hospitals offers advanced treatments like DBS to help patients maintain independence.

Our Comprehensive Care Includes:

Early Detection Programs:

• DaTscan (dopamine transporter scan) for early diagnosis
• Genetic testing for LRRK2, GBA, and other Parkinson's-associated genes
• Smell identification tests to detect early olfactory dysfunction

Treatment Options:

• Dopamine replacement therapy (levodopa/carbidopa)
• Dopamine agonists (pramipexole, ropinirole)
• MAO-B inhibitors (selegiline, rasagiline) to prolong dopamine action

Advanced Treatment Options:

• Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus
• Levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) infusion therapy
• Focused ultrasound thalamotomy for tremor-dominant Parkinson's

Ongoing Care:

• Regular adjustment of medication regimens to manage motor fluctuations
• Physical therapy and occupational therapy to maintain mobility and independence
• Speech therapy and swallowing assessments to address bulbar symptoms

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Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, characterised by progressive cognitive decline, particularly in memory, thinking, and behaviour. It is associated with the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. By 2050, over 10 million people in India could be living with Alzheimer’s disease. Our memory care services at Apollo Hospitals are designed to provide early detection and ongoing support.

Our Comprehensive Care Includes:

Early Detection Programs:

• Comprehensive neuropsychological testing batteries
• Cerebrospinal fluid analysis for beta-amyloid and tau protein  biomarkers
• Amyloid PET imaging for in vivo visualisation of brain plaques

Treatment Options:

• Cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine) to boost acetylcholine levels
• Memantine for moderate to severe Alzheimer's to regulate glutamate activity
• Management of behavioural symptoms with non-pharmacological approaches and judicious use of psychotropic medications

Advanced Treatment Options:

• Participation in clinical trials for novel disease-modifying therapies
• Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for cognitive enhancement
• Cognitive training and brain stimulation programs

Ongoing Care:

• Regular cognitive assessments to track disease progression
• Caregiver education and support programs
• Advanced care planning and end-of-life discussions

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Spinal disorders encompass a wide range of conditions affecting the vertebrae, intervertebral discs, facet joints, nerves, and surrounding tissues of the spine. These can include degenerative disc disease, herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and spinal cord injuries.

Our Comprehensive Care Includes:

Early Detection Programs:

• Dynamic X-rays to assess spinal stability and alignment
• High-resolution MRI and CT myelography for detailed spinal imaging
• Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies to evaluate nerve function

Treatment Options:

• Conservative management with physical therapy and pain management techniques
• Epidural steroid injections for radicular pain
• Minimally invasive discectomy for herniated discs

Advanced Treatment Options:

• Artificial disc replacement for cervical and lumbar degenerative disc disease
• Spinal cord stimulation for chronic neuropathic pain
• Robotic-assisted spine surgery for precise screw placement in spinal fusions

Ongoing Care:

• Comprehensive rehabilitation programs to improve function and prevent recurrence
• Regular follow-up imaging to monitor for adjacent segment disease after fusion
• Patient education on ergonomics and spine health maintenance

Migraine is a neurological condition characterised by severe, recurring headaches, often accompanied by symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and heightened sensitivity to light and sound. It can significantly impact daily life and may be triggered by various factors, including stress, hormonal changes, certain foods, or environmental factors. Migraines can range from moderate to severe and often last for several hours or even days.

Our Comprehensive Care Includes:

Early Detection Programs:

• Detailed patient history and symptom tracking to identify triggers
• Advanced neuroimaging techniques (MRI or CT scan) to rule out other conditions
• Electroencephalogram (EEG) to evaluate brain activity and rule out neurological abnormalities

Treatment Options:

• Treatments such as triptans, anti-inflammatory medications, and anti-nausea drugs to manage pain and acute symptoms
• Preventive medications including beta-blockers, antidepressants, or anticonvulsants to reduce frequency and severity
• Lifestyle and dietary modifications to avoid known triggers

Advanced Treatment Options:

• Botulinum toxin (Botox) injections for chronic migraines to reduce frequency and severity
• Nerve blocks and occipital nerve stimulation for refractory cases
• Neuromodulation therapy using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for acute migraine relief

Ongoing Care:

• Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and stress management techniques to help manage triggers and reduce stress
• Regular follow-ups to monitor treatment efficacy and adjust medications as needed
• Education on lifestyle changes, such as sleep hygiene, hydration, and regular exercise to improve overall well-being and reduce migraine frequency

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Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, leading to the deterioration or permanent damage to myelin, the protective covering of nerve fibres. This results in a wide range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, vision problems, balance issues, cognitive changes, and fatigue. The cause of MS is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Our Comprehensive Care Includes:

Early Detection Programs:

• Neurological examination to assess motor skills, coordination, and reflexes
• Advanced MRI scans to detect lesions and areas of demyelination in the brain and spinal cord
• Spinal fluid analysis to check for abnormalities associated with MS

Treatment Options:

• Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) to reduce the frequency and severity of relapses and slow disease progression
• Steroid treatments for managing acute exacerbations and inflammation
• Symptom management for issues like spasticity, pain, and fatigue through medications and physical therapy

Advanced Treatment Options:

• Immunotherapy to modulate the immune system and reduce the autoimmune attack on the nervous system
• Stem cell therapy for certain cases to potentially repair damaged tissue and slow progression
• Biologic therapies such as monoclonal antibodies for more aggressive forms of MS

Ongoing Care:

• Comprehensive rehabilitation programs, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy, to improve daily functioning
• Regular follow-up MRIs to monitor disease progression and adjust treatment plans as necessary
• Patient education on lifestyle modifications, such as energy conservation techniques, diet, and stress management, to enhance quality of life and overall health

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1.CT scan: 

Computed Tomography (CT) provides detailed images of the brain, spine, and surrounding structures. This advanced CT technology uses 128 detector rows to capture multiple, high-resolution images of the brain and blood vessels simultaneously.

What This Test Shows:

• Detailed cross-sectional images of the brain helping detect structural abnormalities , tumors and infections.
• Blood vessel abnormalities, including aneurysms [abnormal bulges in blood vessels]  and arteriovenous malformations
• Acute stroke detection and to differentiate between ischemic and haemorrhagic strokes
• Traumatic brain injuries such as skull fractures, brain swelling , bleeding etc 

What to Expect:
The patient lies on a table that moves through a donut-shaped machine. The procedure is painless and typically takes 10-30 minutes. Contrast dye may be injected intravenously for enhanced visualisation of blood vessels.

Read more about CT Scan

2. MRI: 
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain and spinal cord. Various MRI techniques provide different types of information.

What This Test Shows:

• MRI: Detailed structural images of the brain and spinal cord, useful for diagnosing tumors, injuries or degenerative diseases .
• MR Angiography: visualised blood vessels and flow , useful to detect blood vessel abnormalities and blood flow
• MR Spectroscopy: Analyses the Chemical composition of brain tissue, useful for evaluating brain metabolism and tumor characteristics.
• Functional MRI: Measures Brain activity by measuring blood flow during specific tasks, used in planning for brain surgeries.

What to Expect:
The patient lies still in a cylindrical machine for 30-60 minutes. The procedure is noisy but painless. Some patients may receive contrast dye intravenously.

Read more about MRI

3. PET scan: 

Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT) combines functional imaging from a PET scan with anatomical imaging from CT. A radioactive tracer is injected into the bloodstream, which is then detected by the PET scanner to show metabolic activity in the brain.

What This Test Shows:

• Shows brain activity and can detect early onset of diseases like Alzhiemer’s by detecting abnormal brain metabolism.
• Useful in diagnosing and monitoring brain tumours, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease
• Can help differentiate tumour recurrence from radiation necrosis

What to Expect:

The patient fasts for 6 hours before the test. A small amount of radioactive tracer is injected intravenously. After a waiting period of about an hour, the patient lies on a table that moves through the PET-CT scanner. The entire process takes 2-3 hours.

Read more about PET-CT

4. Cerebral angiography: 

This minimally invasive procedure provides detailed images of blood vessels in the brain by injecting contrast dye and using X-ray technology.

What This Test Shows:

• Detailed images of blood vessels in the brain  and can help detect aneurysms [bulges] arteriovenous malformations, and stenosis [narrowing].

What to Expect:
The patient is sedated and a catheter is inserted through a small incision, usually in the groin. Contrast dye is injected, and X-ray images are taken. The procedure typically takes 1-3 hours.

Read more about Cerebral Angiography

5. SPECT :

Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging uses a radioactive tracer and a special camera to create 3D images showing blood flow in the brain.

What This Test Shows:

• Cerebral [brain]  blood flow patterns
• Useful in evaluating stroke, epilepsy, and dementia
• Can help localise seizure foci in epilepsy 

What to Expect:

A small amount of radioactive tracer is injected intravenously. After a waiting period, the patient lies still while the SPECT camera rotates around the head, capturing images. The procedure takes about 30-60 minutes.

Read more about SPECT
 

1. Electroencephalogram (EEG): 

EEG records the electrical activity of the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp. Various types of EEG are available, including routine EEG, ambulatory EEG, and video EEG monitoring.

What This Test Shows:

• Brain wave patterns
• Useful in diagnosing epilepsy, sleep disorders, and encephalopathies
• Can help localise place of seizure origin in epilepsy patients

What to Expect:
For routine EEG, electrodes are placed on the scalp using a special gel. The patient may be asked to perform simple tasks like opening/closing eyes or hyperventilating. The test typically takes 30-60 minutes. For long-term monitoring, the patient may wear the electrodes for several days while being video recorded.

Read more about EEG

2. Electromyography (EMG) and Nerve Conduction Studies: 
These tests measure the electrical activity of muscles and nerves respectively to diagnose various neuromuscular disorders.

What This Test Shows:

• Nerve function and conduction velocity
• Muscle electrical activity
• Presence of neuropathies or myopathies

What to Expect:
For nerve conduction studies, small electrodes are placed on the skin, and mild electrical pulses are applied. For EMG, a thin needle electrode is inserted into muscles. The procedure may cause mild discomfort and typically takes 30-60 minutes.

Read more about EMG

3. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEP)

SSEP measures the electrical signals in the brain in response to stimulation of peripheral nerves.

What This Test Shows:

• Integrity of sensory pathways that  link  central and peripheral nervous systems
• Useful in diagnosing multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating disorders

What to Expect:
Small electrodes are placed on the scalp and other parts of the body. Mild electrical stimulation is applied to peripheral nerves. The test is painless and takes about 30-60 minutes.

4. Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP)

VEP measures the electrical activity in the brain in response to visual stimuli.

What This Test Shows:

• Function of the optic nerves and visual pathways
• Useful in diagnosing optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis

What to Expect:
Electrodes are placed on the scalp. The patient watches a screen with changing patterns. The test is painless and takes about 30-45 minutes.

Read more about VEP

5. Transcranial Doppler (TCD)

TCD uses ultrasound to measure the velocity of blood flow through the brain's blood vessels.

What This Test Shows:

• Blood flow velocity in major intracranial [inside the skull] arteries, used to monitor th health the blood vessels in the brain .
• Abnormal velocities may indicate conditions like blockages, narrowing or excessive blood flow.
• Useful in detecting and monitoring vasospasm helping prevent delayed ischemic strokes.

What to Expect:
A small probe is placed against the skin at specific points on the head. The procedure is painless and typically takes 30-60 minutes.

Read more about TCD

1. Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap): 
A lumbar puncture involves inserting a needle into the lower back to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for analysis.

What This Test Shows:

• Presence of infection or inflammation in the central nervous system
• Abnormal proteins associated with multiple sclerosis, Guillain Barre syndrome  or Alzheimer's disease
• Elevated intracranial pressure
• Identifies malignant cells
• Has therapeutic applications such as relieving raised intracranial pressure , administration of antibiotics and chemotherapy and for pain management .

What to Expect:
The patient lies on their side or sits up. After local anesthesia, a thin needle is inserted between two vertebrae in the lower back. CSF is collected and sent for analysis. The procedure takes about 30-45 minutes. Patients may experience a headache afterward and are advised to rest for 24 hours.

Read more about Lumbar Puncture

2. Therapeutic Antiepileptic Drug Level Monitoring

This blood test measures the levels of antiepileptic medications in the patient's system.
What This Test Shows:

• Whether medication levels are within the therapeutic range
• Helps in adjusting medication dosages

What to Expect:
A simple blood draw, typically from a vein in the arm. Results are usually available within a few days.

3. Brain, Muscle, and Nerve Biopsy

These procedures involve taking small samples of tissue for microscopic examination.
What This Test Shows:

• Presence of abnormal cells or proteins
• Useful in diagnosing tumours, infections, and neurodegenerative diseases

What to Expect:
The procedure is performed under local or general anesthesia. Recovery time varies depending on the type of biopsy. Results typically take several days to weeks

4. Neuropsychological Testing

This is a comprehensive assessment of cognitive functions using standardised tests and procedures.

What This Test Shows:

• Detailed evaluation of memory, attention, language, problem-solving, and other cognitive domains
• Useful in diagnosing dementia, assessing post-stroke cognitive impairment, and evaluating traumatic brain injury

What to Expect:
The patient undergoes a series of paper-and-pencil or computerised tests administered by a neuropsychologist. The evaluation can take several hours and may be spread over multiple sessions. 

5. Cognitive Function Testing

This is a focused evaluation of specific cognitive abilities to assess their current functioning and identify potential impairments.

What This Test Shows:

• Measures aspects like memory, attention, reasoning, processing speed, and executive function
• Useful for detecting early signs of cognitive decline, monitoring cognitive health, and evaluating brain function in conditions like ADHD or after a concussion

What to Expect:

• The test typically involves a combination of standardised tasks and questionnaires, which may be conducted in-person or digitally
• Sessions are shorter than comprehensive neuropsychological testing

DBS is a neurosurgical procedure where electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain to regulate abnormal activity. A pulse generator placed under the skin controls stimulation levels. The procedure involves preoperative imaging, electrode implantation, and postoperative monitoring and adjustment. This is used to treat movement disorders like Parkinson’s disease, dystonias , Tourette’s syndrome etc , as well as some psychiatric disorders, reduce seizure frequency in epilepsy , treatment of some types of headache like cluster headaches and in treatment of chronic pain syndromes. 

Benefits: 

• Improves motor functions and quality of life
• Reduces symptoms like tremors and stiffness
• Enhances ability to perform daily tasks independently
• Can reduce medication needs and associated side effects
• Provides sustained symptom improvement for several years

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Performed using high-powered operating microscopes and micro-instruments, allowing precise treatment of brain and spine conditions while minimising damage to surrounding tissues. Used in treatment of brain tumors, cerebrovascular disorders ,spinal disorders and in skull base surgery.

Benefits:

• Reduced surgical trauma
• Shorter hospital stays and faster recovery times
• Less postoperative pain
• Lower risk of complications
• Better long-term functional outcomes

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A non-surgical radiation therapy that precisely focuses high-dose radiation beams on specific areas to treat tumours or abnormalities in the brain and spine. Uses advanced imaging and computer guidance systems. Usually completed as outpatient sessions without general anesthesia.It is widely used to treat benign and malignant conditions as well as some functional disorders like trigeminal neuralgia , Parkinson’s disease etc 

Benefits:

• Non-invasive, avoiding complications of traditional surgery
• Fewer treatment sessions required
• Minimises radiation exposure to surrounding healthy tissues
• Quicker recovery time
• Suitable for patients who may not be surgical candidates

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A minimally invasive procedure to treat brain aneurysms. A catheter is inserted through the femoral artery and guided to the aneurysm, where soft platinum coils are released to induce clotting and seal off the aneurysm. Used to treat brain aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations and aso in some emergency situations such as subarachnoid haemorrhage to prevent rebleeding.

Benefits:

• Shorter recovery time (usually about a week)
• Lower complication rates compared to surgical clipping
• Minimally invasive approach
• Can treat both ruptured and unruptured aneurysms
• Quicker patient recovery

Uses a thin tube (neuro endoscope) equipped with a camera and light source to access the brain and spine through small incisions . Allows treatment of conditions like brain tumours and cysts with minimal invasiveness. Used to treat brain tumors, hydrocephalus , bleeding disorders as well as in cyst and lesion removal and  skull base surgery .

Benefits:

• Reduced complications and pain
• Faster recovery times
• Minimal scarring
• Quicker hospital discharge
• Improved patient outcomes
• Enhanced visualisation and precision during procedures

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A neurosurgical procedure is performed while the patient is awake and responsive. This allows surgeons to monitor brain function in real-time during the operation, particularly useful for tumours near critical areas of the brain.

Benefits:

• Allows for precise tumour removal while preserving critical brain functions
• Reduces risk of neurological deficits post-surgery
• Enables surgeons to maximise tumour removal
• Shorter hospital stays and faster recovery times
• Improved outcomes for language and motor function preservation

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Advanced surgical techniques that use small incisions and specialised instruments to treat various spine conditions, including herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and degenerative disc disease.

Benefits:

• Smaller incisions leading to less tissue damage
• Reduced blood loss during surgery
• Faster recovery and shorter hospital stays
• Less postoperative pain
• Lower risk of infection
• Improved cosmetic results with smaller scars

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Vertebroplasty is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat compression fractures of the spine. This innovative technique offers several key benefits for patients suffering from spinal fractures, often caused by osteoporosis or spinal tumours.

During vertebroplasty, medical-grade bone cement is injected into the fractured vertebra using a hollow needle called a trocar. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia and guided by real-time X-ray imaging to ensure precise placement of the cement.

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This procedure is used for the removal of plaque from the carotid artery to prevent strokes.

This is done in cases of Carotid artery stenosis.

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A. Carpal Tunnel Release

This procedure relieves pressure on the median nerve in the wrist.

Used to treat  Carpal tunnel syndrome.

B. Ulnar Nerve Decompression

This surgical treatment relieves pressure on the ulnar nerve at the elbow.

Used to treat Cubital tunnel syndrome.

C. Peripheral Nerve Repair

This is the repair or reconstruction of damaged nerves.

Used to treat Nerve injuries or tumors.

Pediatric neurosurgery  addresses a range of conditions affecting the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, many of which are unique to this age group. 
 

Pediatric neurosurgeons manage conditions that are:

1. Congenital (present at birth): Such as neural tube defects or craniosynostosis.

2. Acquired: Including trauma, tumors, and infections.

3. Developmental: Disorders that affect normal brain or spinal cord growth.

Common Conditions Treated in Pediatric Neurosurgery

1. Congenital Anomalies

• Hydrocephalus:

• Abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain.

• Treated with:

• Shunt placement: Diverts CSF to another part of the body.

• Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV): Creates a new CSF pathway.

• Neural Tube Defects:

• Spina Bifida: A condition where the spinal cord does not close properly during development.

• Myelomeningocele Repair: Corrective surgery to protect exposed nerves.

• Chiari Malformation:

• Structural abnormality at the skull base leading to brain tissue compression.

• Treated with decompression surgery.

2. Brain and Spinal Tumors

• Common Pediatric Tumors:

• Medulloblastomas.

• Astrocytomas.

• Ependymomas.

• Craniopharyngiomas.

• Treatment:

• Tumor resection (surgical removal).

• Adjunct therapies (chemotherapy, radiation).

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3. Craniofacial Disorders

• Craniosynostosis:

• Premature fusion of skull sutures, leading to abnormal head shapes.

• Treated with cranial reconstruction surgery.

• Plagiocephaly (flat head syndrome):

• Severe cases may require surgery.

4. Traumatic Brain and Spine Injuries

• Trauma Management:

• Craniotomy for intracranial hemorrhage or brain swelling.

• Spinal stabilization for fractures or spinal cord injury.

• Decompressive Craniectomy:

• To relieve pressure from brain swelling.

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5. Epilepsy Surgery

• For drug-resistant epilepsy:

• Focal resection (removal of seizure focus).

• Corpus callosotomy (disconnecting nerve pathways).

• Hemispherectomy (rare cases).

• Vagal Nerve Stimulation (VNS):

• A device implanted to reduce seizure frequency.

6. Vascular Abnormalities

• Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs):

• Congenital tangles of blood vessels that can rupture.

• Treated with microsurgery, embolization, or radiosurgery.

• MoyaMoya Disease:

• Progressive narrowing of cerebral arteries.

• Treated with revascularization surgery.

7. Functional Disorders

• Cerebral Palsy:

• Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) to reduce spasticity.

• Movement Disorders:

• Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) for dystonia.

8. Infections

• Brain Abscesses:

• Treated with surgical drainage and antibiotics.

• Spinal Infections:

• Drainage and stabilization if necessary.

9. Other Conditions

• Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome:

• Surgery to release the spinal cord and restore normal function.

• Cysts:

• Arachnoid cysts or dermoid cysts, treated with fenestration or removal.

Surgical Techniques in Pediatric Neurosurgery

1. Minimally Invasive Surgery

• Endoscopic neurosurgery for conditions like hydrocephalus and intraventricular tumors.

• Key benefits include less pain, shorter hospital stays, and faster recovery.

2. Image-Guided Surgery

• Use of intraoperative imaging (MRI, CT) to enhance precision.

3. Microsurgery

• High magnification and specialized instruments for intricate surgeries, such as tumor removal

Brain tumor surgery is a critical treatment option for the removal or biopsy of brain tumors. The main goal of surgery is to remove as much of the tumor as possible while preserving normal brain function and minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Depending on the tumor’s type, size, and location, surgery may be curative, palliative, or diagnostic.

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Goals of Brain Tumor Surgery

1. Complete Tumor Removal:

• Whenever possible, the surgeon aims for a gross total resection to eliminate the tumor completely.

2. Partial Removal:

• In some cases, only part of the tumor can be safely removed to reduce symptoms and improve outcomes.

3. Symptom Relief:

• Relieves pressure caused by the tumor, reducing symptoms such as headaches, seizures, or neurological deficits.

4. Biopsy:

• Provides a tissue sample for diagnosis and treatment planning, especially in cases where full resection is not feasible.

5. Preparation for Additional Treatments:

• Creates pathways or reduces tumor mass to facilitate radiation therapy or chemotherapy.

Types of Brain Tumor Surgeries

1. Craniotomy

What It Is: The most common brain tumor surgery; involves removing a section of the skull (bone flap) to access the brain and the tumor.

Applications:

• Removal of accessible tumors.

• Biopsy of deep-seated tumors.

Techniques:

• Awake Craniotomy: Performed while the patient is awake to ensure preservation of critical functions like speech or motor skills during surgery.

Read more
 

2. Endoscopic Brain Surgery

What It Is: A minimally invasive technique using an endoscope (a thin tube with a camera) to remove tumors or take biopsies.

Applications:

• Tumors in the ventricular system (e.g., colloid cysts).

• Pituitary adenomas via endonasal approach.

Benefits:

• Small incisions, less recovery time, and minimal damage to surrounding tissue.

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3. Stereotactic Brain Surgery

What It Is: A highly precise technique using imaging guidance (CT or MRI) and a stereotactic frame.

Applications:

• Biopsy of deep or small tumors.

• Placement of treatment devices (e.g., for radiation).

4. Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (LITT)

What It Is: Uses a laser probe to deliver heat to the tumor, causing its destruction.

Applications:

• Inoperable or recurrent brain tumors.

Benefits:

• Minimally invasive and highly precise.

5. Skull Base Surgery

What It Is: Specialized surgery for tumors located at the base of the skull or near critical brain structures.

Applications:

• Craniopharyngiomas.

• Chordomas.

• Acoustic neuromas.

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6. Intraoperative MRI or CT-Guided Surgery

• What It Is: Imaging performed during surgery to ensure complete tumor removal and avoid damage to healthy tissue.

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Common Tumor Types Treated with Surgery

1. Benign Tumors:

• Meningiomas.

• Pituitary adenomas.

• Acoustic neuromas (vestibular schwannomas).

2. Malignant Tumors:

• Glioblastomas.

• Astrocytomas.

• Metastatic brain tumors.

3. Cystic Lesions:

• Colloid cysts.

• Arachnoid cysts.

4. Skull Base Tumors:

• Chordomas.

• Craniopharyngiomas.

Brain trauma surgery is a critical neurosurgical intervention performed to manage traumatic brain injuries (TBI) caused by accidents, falls, sports injuries, or violence. The goal is to stabilize the patient, prevent further brain damage, and improve functional outcomes. This can include relieving pressure, repairing damage, or removing clots or damaged tissue.

Surgery is typically required for:

1. Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI):

• Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of ≤8.

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2. Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP):

• Caused by swelling, hemorrhage, or mass effect.

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3. Intracranial Hemorrhages:

• Epidural, subdural, intracerebral, or subarachnoid hemorrhages.

4. Skull Fractures:

• Especially depressed or compound fractures causing brain compression or infection risk.

5. Penetrating Brain Injuries:

• Such as bullet or shrapnel wounds.

6. Hematomas or Blood Clots:

• That compress brain structures or increase ICP.

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Types of Brain Trauma Surgery

1. Decompressive Craniectomy

Purpose: Relieves intracranial pressure by removing a portion of the skull, allowing the brain to swell outward rather than compressing within the skull.

Indications:

• Severe brain swelling due to TBI.

• Malignant cerebral edema following stroke.

Procedure:

• A part of the skull is temporarily removed and stored, often in a freezer or under the abdominal skin.

2. Craniotomy

Purpose: Surgically opens the skull to access the brain for treating injuries.

Indications:

• Removal of blood clots (hematomas).

• Evacuation of intracranial hemorrhages (epidural or subdural hematomas).

• Repair of fractures or penetrating injuries.

Procedure:

• The bone flap is replaced after the surgery.

3. Hematoma Evacuation

Purpose: Removes clots or pooled blood to reduce pressure and prevent further brain damage.

Indications:

• Epidural, subdural, or intracerebral hematomas.

Procedure:

• A craniotomy is performed to remove the hematoma and repair the bleeding vessel.

4. Skull Fracture Repair

Purpose: Repairs depressed or compound fractures that press into the brain or pose an infection risk.

Indications:

• Depressed fractures causing brain compression.

• Open fractures with a risk of infection.

Procedure:

• The fractured bone is repositioned, or synthetic materials are used for reconstruction.

5. Ventriculostomy

Purpose: Relieves pressure caused by excessive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) buildup.

Indications:

• Hydrocephalus secondary to TBI.

Procedure:

• A catheter is placed in the ventricles of the brain to drain excess CSF.

6. Foreign Body Removal

Purpose: Removes objects like bullets or shrapnel that penetrate the brain.

Procedure:

• Minimizes further brain damage during removal while managing associated bleeding.

1. 128-slice CT Scans
Our high-resolution computed tomography scanners provide detailed cross-sectional images of the brain and surrounding structures with reduced radiation exposure. This technology allows for rapid imaging crucial in time-sensitive conditions like stroke.

• Rapid imaging crucial for time-sensitive conditions like stroke
• Reduced radiation exposure compared to conventional CT scans
• Ability to create detailed 3D reconstructions for complex cases
• Enhanced visualisation of blood vessels and soft tissues

2. Tesla MRI with Spectroscopy
Our magnetic resonance imaging services offer superior soft tissue contrast to detect subtle abnormalities. MR spectroscopy provides additional biochemical information about brain tissue, aiding in diagnosis and treatment planning.

• Higher signal-to-noise ratio for clearer, more detailed images
• Faster scan times, reducing patient discomfort
• MR spectroscopy for non-invasive biochemical analysis of brain tissue
• Advanced diffusion and perfusion imaging for detailed brain structure and function assessment

3. Functional MRI (fMRI)
This non-invasive technique maps brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow, crucial for pre-surgical planning and understanding brain function.

• Crucial for pre-surgical planning to preserve critical brain functions
• Helps in understanding brain function and neuroplasticity
• Useful in research for studying brain networks and cognitive processes
• Aids in treatment planning for conditions like epilepsy and brain tumors

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4. O-Arm Imaging System
This intraoperative imaging system provides high-quality 3D images of the spine during surgery, enhancing surgical precision and safety.

• Provides high-quality 3D images during surgery
• Enhances surgical precision and safety
• Reduces the need for post-operative imaging
• Enables real-time navigation during complex spine procedures

1. Neuro-Navigation and Neuro-Monitoring
These technologies provide real-time, three-dimensional imaging of the patient's anatomy during surgery, allowing for precise instrument placement and continuous monitoring of nerve function to prevent complications.

• Real-time, 3D imaging of patient anatomy during surgery
• Precise instrument placement, especially crucial in deep brain structures
• Continuous monitoring of nerve function to prevent complications
• Integration with pre-operative imaging for comprehensive surgical planning

2. ExcelsiusGPS Spine Surgery Robot
This next-generation robotic system offers real-time intraoperative imaging and preoperative planning for precise positioning, minimising implant misplacement and reducing the need for revision surgeries.

• Real-time intraoperative imaging and navigation
• Preoperative planning for optimal implant placement
• Minimises implant misplacement, reducing revision surgeries
• Enhances surgeon control and flexibility during procedures

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3. Renaissance Robotic Surgical System
Designed for minimally invasive spine surgery, this system minimises radiation exposure while allowing for highly precise placement of implants, even in complex cases.

• Reduced radiation exposure for patients and surgical team
• Highly precise placement of implants, even in complex cases
• Smaller incisions leading to faster recovery times
• Enhanced 3D visualisation of the surgical site

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1. Robotic Neurorehabilitation
Robotic neurorehabilitation is an advanced therapeutic approach that combines cutting-edge robotics technology with traditional rehabilitation techniques to improve outcomes for patients with neurological conditions. These robotic systems are designed to support and guide patients through precise, controlled movements, promoting neuroplasticity and motor learning.

Applications of Robotic Neurorehabilitation
At Apollo Institute of Neurosciences, we employ robotic neurorehabilitation for various conditions, including:

• Stroke recovery
• Spinal cord injuries
• Traumatic brain injuries
• Multiple sclerosis
• Parkinson's disease
• Cerebral palsy

Benefits of Robotic Neurorehabilitation

1. Intensive and High-Dosage Training: Robotic systems allow for a higher number of repetitions and longer training sessions, which are crucial for promoting neuroplasticity.
2. Precise and Consistent Therapy: Robots provide reproducible, physiological gait patterns and movements, ensuring consistent therapy across sessions.
3. Objective Progress Measurement: Advanced sensors in robotic devices allow for accurate tracking of patient performance and progress.
4. Reduced Physical Burden on Therapists: Robotic assistance enables therapists to focus on patient guidance and motivation rather than physical support.
5. Enhanced Safety: Robotic systems provide controlled support, reducing the risk of falls or injuries during therapy.
6. Improved Neuroplasticity: The intensive, repetitive nature of robotic therapy aligns with the principles of motor learning, potentially enhancing brain plasticity.
7. Cardiovascular Benefits: Robotic gait training has been shown to increase heart rate and oxygen consumption, providing cardiovascular exercise for patients with limited mobility.
8. Psychological Impact: The ability to stand and walk with robotic assistance can improve patient's quality of life and emotional well-being.

Advanced Robotic Systems at Apollo Institute of Neurosciences

1. Gait Training Robots: For lower limb rehabilitation and walking recovery.
2. Upper Limb Robotic Systems: To improve arm and hand function.
3. Balance and Posture Training Robots: For enhancing core stability and balance.

2. Personalised Robotic Therapy Approach
At Apollo Institute of Neurosciences, we tailor robotic neurorehabilitation to each patient's specific needs:

1. Comprehensive Assessment: Our experts evaluate the patient's condition to determine the most suitable robotic intervention.
2. Customised Training Protocols: We develop personalised therapy plans, adjusting robot parameters to challenge patients appropriately.
3. Integration with Conventional Therapy: Robotic sessions are combined with traditional rehabilitation techniques for a holistic approach.
4. Continuous Monitoring: We use the data collected by robotic systems to track progress and adjust treatment plans accordingly.

1. Deep Brain Stimulation with Brain Sensing
Our advanced Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) systems incorporate brain sensing technology, allowing for individualised monitoring and optimisation of stimulation parameters. This technology has shown significant benefits in treating conditions like Parkinson's disease and dystonia.

• Real-time brain activity sensing for personalised treatment
• Adaptive stimulation based on the patient's changing needs
• Improved management of conditions like Parkinson's disease and dystonia
• Enhanced battery life and reduced side effects

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2. Artificial Intelligence in Stroke Management
We have partnered with Medtronic to implement an AI-powered stroke management system. This platform uses artificial intelligence to analyse brain scans rapidly, reducing diagnosis time from 60 minutes to 2 minutes. This technology enables faster treatment decisions, potentially improving patient outcomes in time-critical stroke cases.

• Rapid analysis of brain scans, reducing diagnosis time from 60 minutes to 2 minutes
• Faster treatment decisions in time-critical stroke cases
• Improved accuracy in detecting and classifying stroke types
• Integration with hospital systems for streamlined patient care

Your neurological care journey begins with a comprehensive evaluation to help us understand your health needs and develop the best plan for you. During this visit, you can expect:

• Review of Medical History: The neurologist will go over your past health issues, family history of neurological conditions, and any symptoms you've been experiencing.
• Neurological Examination: A thorough neurological check to assess your current health status, including tests of reflexes, coordination, and cognitive function.
• Diagnostic Testing: Initial tests may include blood work, EEG, or neuroimaging studies to understand your neurological health.
• Risk Assessment: Based on your health history and test results, we assess your risk for various neurological conditions.
• Treatment Planning: After reviewing the findings, the neurologist will discuss potential treatment options and answer any questions, helping you understand the next steps.

During your treatment, whether you're having a procedure or surgery, our team is here to ensure you're informed, comfortable, and well cared for. This phase includes:

• Detailed Information on Procedures: We explain what to expect from any treatment or procedure so that you feel fully prepared.
• Preparation Guidance: Before any procedure, you'll receive instructions to help you get ready and feel confident.
• Updates During Hospital Stay: While you're in the hospital, we keep you and your family informed of your progress every day.
• Daily Physician Rounds: Your neurologist visits you daily to check your recovery and make any necessary adjustments to your treatment.
• Supportive Care Team: Our nurses, specialists, and support staff work together to ensure you receive the highest quality of neurological care.

After treatment, we focus on helping you heal and regain function through a personalised recovery program:

• Custom Rehabilitation Plans: We create a plan tailored to your specific neurological condition, including exercises and activities to rebuild strength and neurological function.
• Physical Therapy: Our physical therapists guide you through exercises to improve mobility and strength at your own pace.
• Occupational Therapy: If needed, therapists help you adjust to any changes, enabling you to confidently perform daily activities.
• Speech and Language Therapy: For patients with communication or swallowing difficulties, our speech therapists provide specialised support.
• Psychological Support: We provide emotional support to help you cope with any concerns, ensuring a positive mindset throughout recovery.
• Nutritional Guidance: Our dietitians advise on brain-healthy foods to support long-term recovery and wellness.

We want every patient to feel prepared and comfortable. Following a few steps before your appointment can help us deliver the best care for you.

Please carry with you the following documents and records:

• Medical History: A summary of your health history, including past illnesses or surgeries.
• Previous Test Results: Any previous neurological test results, such as blood tests or imaging scans.
• Medication List: A complete list of any medications you're currently taking.
• Insurance Information: Details about your health insurance coverage.
• Identification Documents: Patient identification.

Questions or Concerns: Write down any questions you want to ask the neurologist.

If available, bring any relevant health documents, such as:

• Reports from previous neurological procedures
• Recent lab results
• Imaging studies (e.g., MRI or CT scans) on CD or DVD
• Referral letters from other doctors
• Recent EEG (electroencephalogram) reports
• Any other health documents that may help us understand your neurological needs

Your first consultation usually includes:

• Discussion with Your Neurologist: You'll talk with the doctor about your health history, symptoms, and any concerns.
• Neurological Examination: A thorough checkup to assess your neurological health.
• Review of Medical Records: The doctor will review any documents or test results you've brought along.
• Diagnostic Tests: If needed, some tests may be done during the appointment to get a clearer picture of your neurological condition.
• Developing a Treatment Plan: The neurologist will explain the best treatment options and answer any questions you have, so you feel comfortable and well-informed about your care.

At Apollo Institute of Neurosciences, we are committed to providing comprehensive, patient-centred care throughout your neurological health journey.

Before you arrive, we help you plan and prepare for your visit:

• Medical Documentation Review: Our team of neurologists reviews your medical records to understand your needs and create a treatment plan.
• Treatment Planning: We design a personalised care plan tailored to your specific neurological condition.
• Cost Estimates: We provide transparent cost estimates to help you plan financially.
• Visa Assistance: We assist with visa requirements and provide documentation to support your medical travel.

While you are at Apollo Institute of Neurosciences, we make sure you and your family feel fully supported:

• Dedicated Coordinators: You'll have a personal care coordinator to guide you through every step of your stay.
• Language Support: Trained interpreters are available to help you communicate clearly with your healthcare team in your preferred language.
• Cultural Considerations: We respect cultural needs and provide services that align with your preferences.
• Family Accommodation: We assist with finding comfortable accommodation options for your family.
• Regular Updates: Our team provides updates on your neurological treatment and recovery to keep both you and your family informed.

After your treatment, we continue to support you to ensure a successful recovery:

• Follow-Up Planning: We arrange follow-up appointments and consultations to monitor your neurological recovery.
• Telemedicine Options: You can stay connected with our neurologists through virtual consultations.
• Coordination with Home Country Physicians: We collaborate with your local doctor to ensure you receive consistent neurological care.
• Digital Health Records: Access your medical records online for easy sharing and future care needs.

• Travel Arrangements: Assistance with booking flights and local transportation.
• Customised Dietary Plans: Our nutritionists ensure your meals meet both your medical needs and cultural preferences.
• Rehabilitation Services: Access to state-of-the-art neurorehabilitation facilities and therapists.
• Concierge Services: Help with local sightseeing and shopping for patients and families during recovery periods.